Respiratory Infections

Question 1

Nasopharyngitis

Answer 1

common cold

Question 2

Nasopharyngitis is mostly caused by –

Answer 2

virus

Question 3

most common cold viruses

Answer 3

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses & respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Question 4

Viruses are not part of normal flora of respiratory tract, therefore they need to be –

Answer 4

passed on from another human

Question 5

Influenza types A or B viruses cause epidemics of disease almost every –

Answer 5

winter

Question 6

Influenza type A subtypes

Answer 6

H1N1, H1N2, H3N2

Question 7

how is flu transmitted?

Answer 7

Through expired air from an infected person and also by direct contact with respiratory droplets

Question 8

flu’s incubation period is usually – but can range from 1-5 days

Answer 8

2 days

Question 9

flu symptoms

Answer 9

Abrupt onset of fever, aching muscles, sore throat, and non-productive cough

Question 10

Serious flu illness less likely if –

Answer 10

naturally exposed or vaccinated

Question 11

antivirals that protect against A and B

Answer 11

tamiflu and relenza

Question 12

antivirals that protect agains A viruses only

Answer 12

amantadine and rimantadine

Question 13

are antivirals a substitute for vaccines?

Answer 13

no

Question 14

major complication that may develop ~ 5 days after viral influenza

Answer 14

pneumonia

Question 15

pneumonia: Worsened cough, difficulty breathing, persistent or recurring fever, sometimes –

Answer 15

bloody sputum

Question 16

pneumonia is more common in –

Answer 16

older people and people with heart or lung disease

Question 17

which type of pneumonia is more common?

Answer 17

bacterial

Question 18

T/F: viral pneumonia may occur with high fatality rate

Answer 18

true

Question 19

flu complication that occurs almost exclusively in children

Answer 19

Reye’s syndrome

Question 20

Infants, children, and teenagers should not be given – for fever reduction or pain relief

Answer 20

aspirin

Question 21

symptoms of Reye’s syndrome

Answer 21

Severe vomiting and confusion, which may progress to coma

Question 22

flu complications for children under one years old

Answer 22

meningitis and encephalitis

Question 23

– strains are included in each year’s influenza vaccine

Answer 23

most common influenza A and influenza B

Question 24

flu vaccines are recommended for

Answer 24

everyone older than 6 months

Question 25

-- vaccine is recommended for everyone

Answer 25

inactivated form (IM)

Question 26

-- vaccine in which children may benefit the most but not recommended for children under 2 yrs of age

Answer 26

live attenuated form (nasal spray)

Question 27

high dose vaccine is --

Answer 27

intradermal

Question 28

high dose vaccine intended for --

Answer 28

over 65 years old

Question 29

T/F: etiology of pharyngitis can be viral or bacterial

Answer 29

true

Question 30

common symptoms of pharyngitis

Answer 30

soreness, scratchiness or irritation of throat

Question 31

T/F: fever MUST be present in pharyngitis

Answer 31

false

Question 32

Is systemic symptoms usual for pharyngitis?

Answer 32

no

Question 33

some signs of pharyngitis

Answer 33

erythema, edema, exudates of throat; skin rash and strawberry tongue

Question 34

diagnosis of pharyngitis

Answer 34

throat culture and rapid strep test

Question 35

Pharyngitis + group A strep -->

Answer 35

RF, glomerulonephritis, scarlet fever

Question 36

what is scarlet fever?

Answer 36

strep pharyngitis with allergy mediated skin rash

Question 37

pharyngitis + GAS may lead to (but rarely) --

Answer 37

necrotizing fasciitis and toxic shock syndrome

Question 38

necrotizing fasciitis is deeply seated infection of -- destroying fascia and fat

Answer 38

subcutaneous tissue

Question 39

toxic shock syndrome includes --, shock and multiorgan failure

Answer 39

bacteremia

Question 40

why has rapid strep test replace throat culture as the first line test for pharyngitis?

Answer 40

98% specificity 75% sensitivity rarely get false-positive

Question 41

are false negatives possible with rapid strep test?

Answer 41

yes

Question 42

in --, a negative rapid strep test is recommended to be confirmed by a throat culture

Answer 42

symptomatic child

Question 43

why is throat culture not recommended for symptomatic adults with a negative rapid strep test?

Answer 43

adults are less likely to have strep and initial attacks of RF are rare in adults

Question 44

treatment for viral pharyngitis

Answer 44

none

Question 45

treatment for bacterial pharyngitis

Answer 45

10-14 days of penicillin for GAS (group A beta hemolytic streptococcus)

Question 46

etiology of otitis media

Answer 46

bacterial or viral

Question 47

etiology of otitis media is usually bacterial in --

Answer 47

children

Question 48

bacterial etiology of otitis media

Answer 48

S. pneumonia, Hib, S. pyogenes

Question 49

symptoms of otitis media

Answer 49

severe pain

Question 50

signs of otitis media

Answer 50

erythema and bulging tympanic membranes, loss of light reflex

Question 51

how do you diagnose otitis media?

Answer 51

pneumatic otoscopy | tympanography

Question 52

what treatment improves symptoms of otitis media?

Answer 52

antibiotics

Question 53

Can otitis media improve without antibiotics?

Answer 53

yes

Question 54

are decongestants useful in treating otitis media?

Answer 54

no

Question 55

what are some complications of otitis media?

Answer 55

chronic serous otitis, hearing loss

Question 56

otitis externa is usually associated with --

Answer 56

moisture

Question 57

what is the most common cause of otitis externa

Answer 57

Pseudomonas aeruginosa sometimes S. aureus

Question 58

otitis externa can be malignant in --

Answer 58

diabetics

Question 59

treatment of noncomplicated otitis externa

Answer 59

topical, keep ears dry

Question 60

treatment of malignant otitis externa

Answer 60

surgery and systemic anitbiotics

Question 61

most cases of sinusitis are --

Answer 61

bacterial

Question 62

sinusitis usually follows --

Answer 62

common cold

Question 63

bacteria that causes sinusitis

Answer 63

S. pneumonia, H. influenza (acute), anaerobes (chronic) Gram negative bacteria

Question 64

symptoms of sinusitis

Answer 64

facial pain, frontal headaches, purulent nasal discharge

Question 65

signs of sinusitis

Answer 65

tenderness over sinuses

Question 66

how do you diagnosis sinusitis?

Answer 66

CT and MRI (best but $$$$$) | routine x-rays are insensitive

Question 67

treatment of sinusitis

Answer 67

antibiotics, lavage