Respiratory Disease

Question 1

Tidal Volume

Answer 1

Normal breath volume

Question 2

Functional residual capacity

Answer 2

remaining gas in lung after normal expiration

Question 3

Vial capacity

Answer 3

max expiration volume after max inspiration

Question 4

Residual volume

Answer 4

remaining gas in lung after max expiration

Question 5

Fick’s Law

Answer 5

Diffusion rate is proportional to tissue area, partial pressure difference, solubility f gas in the tissue
DIffusion rate is inversely proportional to Tissue thickness and square root of molecular weight

Question 6

Diffusion of CO2 vs O2

Answer 6

CO2 diffuses 20 TIMES more rapidly than O2

Question 7

What are the 5 causes of Hypoxemia

Answer 7

Hypoventilation 
Anatomic R to L shunt
Low inspired O2
Diffusion impairment 
Ventilaation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch

Question 8

What is the definition of Hypoventilation?

Answer 8

High PaCO2 (greater than 40 mmHg)

Question 9

Shunt

Answer 9

Blood entering arterial system without going through ventilated area of lung

Question 10

Diffusion impairment

Answer 10

Thickened blood gas barrier

Question 11

Alveolar hypoxia

Answer 11

vasoconstriction of small pulmonary arteries

Question 12

Hypoxia Pulmonary Vasconstriction (HPV)

Answer 12

Normal physiologic mechanism to match V:P

Question 13

PAO2

Answer 13

Partial Pressure of O2 in Alveoli

Question 14

FiO2

Answer 14

Fraction of inspired O2

Question 15

PATM

Answer 15

Atmospheric pressure

Question 16

PH2O

Answer 16

Saturated water vapor pressure at 37C

Question 17

PaCO2

Answer 17

Arterial CO2

Question 18

What is the Alveolar gas equation?

Answer 18

PAO2 = FiO2 (PATM-PH2O)-(PaCO2/R)

Question 19

Alveolar-arterial gradient

Answer 19

Difference between PAO2 and PaO2

Should be less than 10-15mmHg

Question 20

Arterial O2 to fractional inspired O2 ratio (PaO2:FiO2)

Answer 20

Clinically useful easy to calculate, objective measure of oxygenating ability

Question 21

What does a Arterial O2 to fractional inspired O2 ratio (PaO2:FiO2) of less than 500 mean?

Answer 21

V:Q mismatch

Question 22

CaO2

Answer 22

Content of oxygen in blood

Question 23

What is the equation of CaO2

Answer 23

(1.34x[Hb] x SaO2) + (0.003 x PaO2)

Question 24

What are the factors affecting ventilation?

Answer 24

PaCO2
Arterial pH
PaO2
Pulmonary and airway stretch receptors 
Body temperature 
Stress, anxiety, pain

Question 25

What drugs cause minimal respiratory depression?

Answer 25

Benzodiazepines Phenothiazines Alpha 2 agonists Opioids

Question 26

What drugs cause significant respiratory depression?

Answer 26

``` Propofol Etomidate Alfaxalone Ketamine Volatile anesthetics Drug combos ```

Question 27

IPPV

Answer 27

Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation

Question 28

PIP

Answer 28

Peak Inspiratory Pressure

Question 29

PEEP

Answer 29

Positive End-Expiratory Pressure

Question 30

Peak Inspiratory Pressure

Answer 30

Pressure achieved at the end if inspiration

Question 31

Positive End-Expiratory Pressure

Answer 31

Pressure maintained in airway to prevent alveolar collapse

Question 32

When is a mechanical ventilator required?

Answer 32

Equine gas anesthesia | small animal if open thorax, using NMBD or patients with increased ICP

Question 33

What are the disadvantages of IPPV?

Answer 33

Normal Inspiration PPV is not physiologically normal Decreased blood pressure Pulmonary damage

Question 34

What are the types of respiratory dysfunction?

Answer 34

Airway obstruction Pulmonary dysfunction Extrapulmonary dysfunction

Question 35

What should you do for animal with pleural effusion or pneumothorax?

Answer 35

Thoracocentesis

Question 36

Brachycephalic airway syndrome

Answer 36

Long soft palate Stenotic trachea Everted laryngeal saccules stenotic nares

Question 37

Treatment for hypoxemia

Answer 37

``` resolve any airway obstruction Positioning: sternal Increase PIP Consider broncodilator PEEP ```

Question 38

What is the treatment for Equine colic and hypoxemia?

Answer 38

``` No delay in starting IPPV High PIP PEEP Bronchodilator Tilt table head up Improve cardiac output Must balance positve pressure ventilation with maintaining BP and CO O2 delivery dependent on CaO2 and CO ```