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Pharmacology > Respiratory Drug > Flashcards

Respiratory Drug Flashcards

1
Q

Classes of Drugs acting on the upper respiratory tract

A

histamine-blocking agents/ anti-histamine
decongestants
expectorants
antitussives
mucolytics

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2
Q

Classes of Drugs acting on the lower respiratory tract

A

bronchodilators
sympathomimetics
anticholinergics
leukotriene receptor antagonists/ antileukotriene agents
lung surfactants

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3
Q

Subcategories of antihistamines

A

first-generation antihistamines
second-generation antihistamines

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4
Q

Examples of first-generation antihistamines

A

diphenhydramine HCl (Benadryl)
promethazine HCl (Phenergan)
meclizine (Bonamine)
brompheniramine (Dimetapp)

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5
Q

Examples of second-generation antihistamine

A

cetirizine (Zyrtec)
levocetirizine (Xyzal)
loratidine (Claritin)
fexofenadine (Allegra)

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6
Q

Subcategories of decongestants

A

topical nasal decongestants
oral decongestants
topical steroid nasal

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7
Q

Examples of topical nasal decongestants

A

ephedrine (Pretz-D)
phenylephrine (Coricidin)

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8
Q

Examples of oral decongestants

A

pseudoephedrine (Decofed)

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9
Q

Examples of topical steroid nasal

A

dexamethasone (Decadron)
budesonide (Pulmicort)
Flunisolide (AeroBid)

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10
Q

Examples of expectorants

A

potassium iodide (SSKI)
guiafenesin (Robitussin, Anti-Tuss)

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11
Q

Subcategories of antitussives

A

narcotic
non-narcotic

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12
Q

Examples of narcotic antitussives

A

codeine
dextromethorphan (Benylin)
hydrocodone (Hycodan)

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13
Q

Examples of non-narcotic antitussives

A

benzonatate (Tessalon)

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14
Q

examples of mucolytics

A

acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
dornase alfa (Pulmozyme)

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15
Q

Examples of bronchodilators

A

aminophylline (Truphylline)
caffeine (Caffedrine)
thoephylline (Theo-Dur)

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16
Q

examples of sympathomimetics

A

albuterol (Proventil)
ephedrine
epinephrine (Sus-Phrine)
isoproterenol (Isuprel)
terbutaline (Brethaire)

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17
Q

examples of anticholinergics

A

ipatropium (Atrovent)
tiotropium (Spiriva)

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18
Q

examples of leukotriene receptor antagonists/ antileukotriene agents

A

montelukast (Singulair)
zafirlukast (Accolate)

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19
Q

examples of lung surfactants

A

beractant (Survanta)
Calfactant (Infasurf)
poractant (Curosurf)

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20
Q

these agents block the release or action of histamine 1 (H1), a chemical released during inflammation that increases secretions and narrows airways; they also have anticholinergic and antipruritic effects.

A

Histamine-Blocking Agents or Antihistamine

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21
Q

what is the most common adverse effect for first-generation antihistamines?

A

sedation

22
Q

When should antihistamines be administered?

A

on an empty stomach
1 hr before meals or 2 hrs after meals

23
Q

anticholinergic effects may be prolonged

A

monoamine inhibitor

24
Q

they mat raise fexofenadine concentrations to toxic levels

A

ketoconazole or erythromycin

25
Q

these agents loosen bronchial secretions so they can be eliminated by coughing. They liquefy respiratory secretions by increasing their water content, thereby reducing viscosity and stickiness of these secretions.

A

Expectorants

26
Q

Indications for Antihistamine

A

seasonal and perennial allergic rhinitis
allergic conjunctivitis
uncomplicated urticaria
angioedema

27
Q

Adverse effects of antihistamines

A

sedation
drowsiness
anticholinergic effects
pradoxical excitation

28
Q

Indications for expectorants

A

dry, non-productive cough
influenza
bronchial asthma
bronchitis
pulmonary emphysema

29
Q

Adverse effects of expectorants

A

nausea
vomiting
headache
dizziness
rashes
urticarial
hyperkalemia

30
Q

what is the best expectorant

A

water (increase hydration)

31
Q

these agents supress the cough reflex through direct depressive action on the cough center of the brain (opioid or narcotic) or direct anesthetic effect on the stretch receptors in the respiratory tract (non-opioid or non-narcotic)

A

Antitussives

32
Q

Indications for antitussives

A

non-productive cough
post-operative repair of hernia

33
Q

Adverse effects of antitussives

A

dry mouth
urinary retention
nausea
vomiting
constipation

34
Q

If patient is receiving several oral medications what should be administered last?

A

syrup preparation

35
Q

these agents help to liquefy and loosen thick respiratory secretions by dissolving the chemical bonds within the mucus itself. This facilitates expectoration or coughing up of the secretions.

A

Mucolytics

36
Q

Indications of Mucolytics

A

productive cough
COPD
cystic fibrosis
pneumonia
tubercolosis
diagnostic bronchoscopy
trachoestomy

37
Q

also used orally as antidote to acetaminophen toxicity.

A

Acetylcysteine

38
Q

It protects liver cells from being damaged by normalizing hepatic glutathione levels and by binding with the reactive hepatotoxic metabolite of acetaminophen.

A

Acetylcysteine

39
Q

Adverse effects of mucolytics

A

stomatitis
rhinorrhea
bronchospasm
occasional rash

40
Q

These are pharmacologic agents that are used to facilitate respiration by dilating the airways. They may be administered orally, producing systemic effects, or directly into the airway thru nebulization.

A

Bronchodilators

41
Q

Indications for bronchodilators

A

bronchial asthma
bronchospasm associated with COPD

42
Q

Three drug classes of bronchodilators

A

xanthine bronchodilators
sympathomimetics
adrenergic agents

43
Q

theseagentsactdirectlyonthesmooth muscles of the bronchi and blood vessels in the respiratory tract. They are used in combination with sympathomimetic bronchodilators to reverse airway constriction thereby resulting in easier breathing and reduced wheezing.

A

xanthines

44
Q

Adverse effects of bronchodilators

A

irritability
palpitations
loss of appetite
proteinuria
respiratory arrest
fever
tremors
flushing
dizziness
restlessness
life-threatening arrhythmias

45
Q

increases the metabolism of xanthines

A

nicotine

46
Q

increase the toxic effect of xanthines

A

cimetidine
erythromycin
nifedipine
thiabendazole

47
Q

reduces therapeutic effect of xanthines

A

rifampin
phenytoin
carbamazepine
barbiturates

48
Q

has antagonistic effect with xanthines

A

beta-blocker

49
Q

increased renal excretion with xanthines

A

lithium

50
Q

Theophylline has a narrow therapeutic index and a narrow therapeutic range of…

A

10-20 ug/ml

51
Q

these agents competitively block or antagonize the receptors responsible for the production of leukotrienes D4 and E4, components of SRSA. This action leads to reduced inflammation of the airway wall, decreased mucous production, and bronchodilation

A

leukotriene receptor antagonists / antileukotriene agents

52
Q

Adverse effects of antileukotriene agents

A

headache
dizziness
nausea
diarrhea
abdominal pain
elevated liver enzyme concentrations
vomiting
generalized pain
fever
myalgia

Pharmacology (6 decks)

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