Respiratory Function: Overview and Ventilation of the Lung

Question 1

What is external respiration?

Answer 1

Transport of CO2 and O2 between the environment and tissues

Question 2

What is internal respiration?

Answer 2

Oxidative phosphorylation (in mitochondria)

Question 3

Name the 4 processes of respiration

Answer 3

1) ventilation

2) lung diffusion

3) transportation of gas via blood

4) tissue diffusion

Question 4

Name the other 4 importances of the respiratory system

Answer 4

1) one of the vital signs assessed during clinical exam

2) route of entry for infections/agents

3) route for inhalant anesthetic agent/drug administration

4) involved in vocalization, defense, metabolism

Question 5

The _______ are the beginning of the airway

Answer 5

Nares

Question 6

Which two species have the most pliable and most rigid nares, respectively

Answer 6

Horse (most pliable); pig (most rigid)

Question 7

Horses are obligate nasal breathers. What does that mean?

Answer 7

Their soft palate extends from the hard palate to the base of the epiglottis, and the epiglottis lies on top of the soft palate.

Question 8

During breathing, what happens to the epiglottis and soft palate?

Answer 8

Epiglottis is open, connecting the nasopharynx to the larynx and trachea. It covers the soft palate, closing the oropharynx.

Question 9

During swallowing, what happens to the epiglottis and soft palate?

Answer 9

Epiglottis is closed, blocking off the larynx and trachea. The soft palate rises to the roof of the nasopharynx and blocks it off. The oropharynx is open and connects the oral cavity to the esophagus.

Question 10

Upper airways include the structures that…

Answer 10

Extend from nares/mouth to larynx

Question 11

Lower airways include structures that extend from…

Answer 11

Subglottis(trachea) to terminal bronchioles

Question 12

Generations are another name for?

Answer 12

Branches

Question 13

At what generation do alveoli begin to bud off?

Answer 13

Generation 17

Question 14

Name the components of the conducting airways

Answer 14

Trachea, segmental bronchi, non-respiratory bronchioles

Question 15

Name the components of the respiratory unit

Answer 15

Respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

Question 16

How many generations do segmental bronchi have?

Answer 16

8

Question 17

How many generations do non-respiratory bronchioles have?

Answer 17

16

Question 18

How many generations do respiratory bronchioles have?

Answer 18

24

Question 19

How many generations do alveolar ducts have?

Answer 19

26

Question 20

The trachea has ______ generations?

Answer 20

0

Question 21

As the generation # increases, cilia, # of mucus secreting cells, submucosal glands, and cartilages _________ease.

Answer 21

Decrease

Question 22

Airways contain cartilage until the ________ th generation

Answer 22

10

Question 23

What part of the respiratory tract don’t contain cartilage?

Answer 23

Bronchioles

Question 24

What epithelium and cells does the upper respiratory tract have?

Answer 24

Ciliated Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with mucus secreting goblet cells

Question 25

What epithelium do the bronchioles have?

Answer 25

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 26

What are the 2 cell types in the alveoli?

Answer 26

Type I and Type II

Question 27

What type of epithelium do the Type I cells make?

Answer 27

Squamous

Question 28

What is the function of Type II cells and their epithelium?

Answer 28

Produce surfactant; cuboidal

Question 29

The alveoli are sites for ______ ___________

Answer 29

Gas exchange

Question 30

T or F: alveolar air spaces bud off at respiratory bronchioles and have a role in gas exchange?

Answer 30

True

Question 31

A terminal respiratory unit includes

Answer 31

Aggregation of airways arising from a terminal bronchiole with associated blood and lymph vessels

Question 32

The respiratory membrane is also known as…

Answer 32

Blood-air barrier

Question 33

Oxygen requirements can increase up to 30x during…

Answer 33

Strenuous exercise

Question 34

Aerobic species such as the horse or dog have a ______ oxygen demand compared to less aerobic species such as cows or goats

Answer 34

Greater

Question 35

VO2

Answer 35

Means oxygen max

Question 36

Smaller species consume______ O2 per kg of body weight than larger species

Answer 36

More

Question 37

What two parts make up a respiratory cycle

Answer 37

Inspiratory and an expiratory phase

Question 38

During inspiration, what structures are enlarged

Answer 38

Lungs and thorax

Question 39

Expiration involves the _____ of muscles

Answer 39

Relaxation

Question 40

In a closed container, V is ______ ______ to P(boyle’s law)

Answer 40

Inversely proportional

Question 41

Ventilation

Answer 41

- Movement of air in&out lungs - direction of movement controlled by intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure

Question 42

Pressure inside vs outside during inspiration

Answer 42

P inside

Question 43

Pressure inside vs. outside during exhalation

Answer 43

P inside> P outside

Question 44

No air flow happens when

Answer 44

P inside = P outside

Question 45

PB means

Answer 45

Barometric (atmospheric pressure)

Question 46

PA means

Answer 46

Alveolar (pulmonary) pressure

Question 47

PIP/PPL means

Answer 47

- Intrapleural pressure - normally negative - between parietal and visceral pleura

Question 48

PTP means

Answer 48

- Transpulmonary pressure - formula: PA-PIP

Question 49

What happens to the PIP and PA during inspiration

Answer 49

chest wall increases, causing PIP to decrease and PA to decline, facilitating air flow into lungs

Question 50

What happens to PA and PIP during expiration

Answer 50

PIP increases, causing PA to rise, and air to flow out lungs

Question 51

Primary muscles of inspiration

Answer 51

Phrenic m. and external/internal intercostal m.

Question 52

Muscles used during forced inhalation

Answer 52

Scalenes, sternocleidomastoid, neck and back muscles

Question 53

T or F: there are primary exhalation muscles

Answer 53

False; there are none

Question 54

Animals that have no CT between lung lobes

Answer 54

Dogs & Cats

Question 55

Animals w/ partial lung lobule separation due to CT

Answer 55

Horses & Sheep

Question 56

Animals w/ complete separation of lung lobes due to CT

Answer 56

Cattle & Pig

Question 57

Animals w/ thick Tunica Media muscles

Answer 57

Pig & cattle

Question 58

Animals w/ intermediate tunica media muscles

Answer 58

Horse & llama

Question 59

Animals w/ thin tunica media muscles

Answer 59

Dogs & sheep