Study Guide- Exam 1

Question 1

Planning

Answer 1

Cortex

Question 2

Equilibrium

Answer 2

Mid-brain

Question 3

Posture

Answer 3

Brain stem

Question 4

Execution

Answer 4

Spinal cord

Question 5

Characteristics of voluntary movement

Answer 5

Dominated by flexors, initiated by UMN and go thru lateral region of spinal cord

Question 6

Characteristics of involuntary movement

Answer 6

Dominated by extensors, controlled by UMN that end in the medial region of spinal cord, longer term contraction of larger muscles

Question 7

Lateral pathways

Answer 7

Voluntary movement of distal muscles

Question 8

Ventromedial pathways

Answer 8

Posture and locomotion

Question 9

4 descending tracts that originate from the brainstem

Answer 9

Vestibulospinal, Reticulospinal, Rubrospinal, and Tectospinal

Question 10

What are the difference between the signs produced by basal ganglia and the cerebellum?

Answer 10

Basal ganglia have contralateral signs & cerebellar have ipsilateral signs

Question 11

Dopamine is

Answer 11

Inhibitory; substantia nigra to caudate nucleus

Question 12

Acetylcholine is

Answer 12

Excitatory; cortex to putamen & caudate

Question 13

GABA is

Answer 13

Inhibitory; caudate and putamen to globus pallidus and substantia nigra

Question 14

Origin of vestibulospinal tract

Answer 14

Vestibular nuclear complex

Question 15

Function of vestibulospinal tract

Answer 15

Produce compensatory adjustments to postural disturbances & maintain antigravity muscle tone

Question 16

Where to the vestibulospinal tract axons synapse at

Answer 16

Medial regioin of gray spinal cord matter

Question 17

Signs produced by lesions to the vestibulospinal tract

Answer 17

Loss of antigravity muscle tone, postural destabilization, vestibular ataxia

Question 18

Origin of reticulospinal tract

Answer 18

Reticular formation

Question 19

Function of reticulospinal tract

Answer 19

Control proximal and axial muscles & locomotion, reaching, and posture

Question 20

Signs of lesions on the reticulospinal tract

Answer 20

Lack of anticipatory adaption, increased reflex activity, impaired motor movement, abnormal posture

Question 21

Origin of tectospinal tract

Answer 21

Rostral colliculus

Question 22

Where do the axons of the tectospinal tract synapse at?

Answer 22

Medial region of gray matter in spinal cord

Question 23

What is the function of the tectospinal tract?

Answer 23

Control the movements of the head muscles

Question 24

Where does the rubrospinal tract originate from

Answer 24

Red nuclei

Question 25

Where do the axons of the rubrospinal tract synapse at?

Answer 25

Lateral region of the gray spinal cord matter

Question 26

What does the rubrospinal tract allow the motor cortices to do?

Answer 26

Indirectly influence spinal LMNs and distal muscles

Question 27

Function of the rubrospinal tract

Answer 27

Controls flexors of distal limbs and skilled movements of extremities

Question 28

Signs of lesions to the rubrospinal tract

Answer 28

Ataxia, distal movement impairment

Question 29

List the main steps in the lateral corticospinal tract pathway

Answer 29

1) alpha motor neuron signaled by descending UMN or sensory interneurons 2) LMNs cause extrafusal muscle fibers to contract

Question 30

Signs of lesions to the lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 30

Inability to move lips and tongue, muscle weakness in forelimbs, conscious proprioceptive deficit, spastic paralysis

Question 31

Function of premotor area in cerebral cortex

Answer 31

Movement patterns

Question 32

Function of supplementary motor area

Answer 32

Bilateral movements, fixation movements

Question 33

Motor cortex inputs

Answer 33

Somatosensory, visual, auditory, frontal

Question 34

Main funtion of corticospinal tract

Answer 34

Fine tuned movement

Question 35

Parkinson’s disease can be attributed to

Answer 35

An injury/lesion to the basal ganglia

Question 36

Name the 4 parts of the basal ganglia

Answer 36

Striatum, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus

Question 37

Corpus striatum afferents

Answer 37

Premotor and supplemental motor cortex areas, somatosensory cortex, substantia nigra

Question 38

Corpus striatum efferents

Answer 38

Globus pallidus eventually back to cortex

Question 39

Globus pallidus afferents

Answer 39

From striatum to subthalamus

Question 40

Globus pallidus efferents

Answer 40

To substantia nigra, subthalamus, thalamus, rf

Question 41

Muscle spindle detects….

Answer 41

Muscle length

Question 42

Golgi tendon organ detects…

Answer 42

Muscle tension

Question 43

The myotatic/stretch reflex’s main goal is to…

Answer 43

Inhibit motor neurons to the flexors

Question 44

5 parts of a reflex arc

Answer 44

1) receptor 2) afferent neuron 3) interneuron (CNS) 4) efferent neuron 5) effector organ

Question 45

The withdrawal reflex inhibits_____ and excites_____

Answer 45

Extensors, flexors

Question 46

What do you want to see during the crossed-extensor reflex (a part of withdrawal reflex)?

Answer 46

Extension of the contralateral limb to support anima when an extremity is flexed

Question 47

Steps in the medial lemniscus pathway

Answer 47

1) cutaneous receptors 2) spinal cord via dorsal root 3) fasilicus cuneatus and gracilis 4) decussate at medulla; form medial lemniscus 5) thalamus 6) cortex

Question 48

What does the medial lemniscus pathway do

Answer 48

Carries info about touch to brain

Question 49

Steps in the spinothalamic pathway

Answer 49

1) Ascend one or two ipsilateral spinal cord segments 2) decussate to opposite side of spinal cord 3) ascend to thalamus

Question 50

Lateral spinothalamic tract conveys

Answer 50

Pain and temp

Question 51

Medial spinothalamic tract conveys

Answer 51

Crude touch

Question 52

Spinocerebellar pathway conveys

Answer 52

Proprioception

Question 53

The dorsal tract of the spinocerebellar pathway ascend to

Answer 53

Ipsilateral cerebellum

Question 54

Ventral tract of spinocerebellar pathway ascend to

Answer 54

Contralateral and ipsilateral cerebellum

Question 55

Function of spinoreticular pathway

Answer 55

Convey deep and chronic pain

Question 56

4 steps to sensation

Answer 56

1) stimulation 2) transduction 3) conduction 4) perception

Question 57

Phasic receptors ______ with constant stimulus

Answer 57

Decrease

Question 58

What are two major differences between phasic and tonic receptors

Answer 58

Phasic have sensory adaptation while tonic lack sensory adaption; tonic receptors maintain constant firing rate ass long as stimulus is applied

Question 59

Pain nociceptors have _____ fiber sensory neurons

Answer 59

C

Question 60

Damaged cells release

Answer 60

ATP, bradykinin, and substance p

Question 61

Fast pain characteristics

Answer 61

A delta, group II and III fibers; precisely localized, rapid onset and offest

Question 62

Slow pain

Answer 62

C fibers; poorly localized