Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A & P II > Respiratory Functions > Flashcards

Respiratory Functions Flashcards

1
Q

Pneumothorax vs. Hemothorax

A

1) Pneumothorax= air in the pleural cavity
2) Hemothorax= blood in the pleural cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pleural Effusion & Pleurisy

A

1) Pleural Effusion= excess fluid in the pleural cavity
2) Pleurisy= inflammation of the pleura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Atmospheric pressure, Intrapulmonic Pressure, & Intrapleural Pressure

A

1) Atmospheric= pressure exerted on the body by the air surrounding it (760mm Hg)
2) Intrapulmonic= air pressure within the lungs/alveoli (rises and falls during breathing)
3) Intrapleural= pressure within the pleural cavity- always about 4 mmHg less than intrapulmonic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What makes up Respiration & definitions

A

1) Inspiration- inhalation; active process resulting from skeletal muscle contraction
2) Expiration- exhalation; passive process resulting from recoil of lung tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

COPD

A

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease- a group if disorders that cause obstruction of the air passages in the lungs (EX: Asthma & Emphysema)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Emphysema (definition & result)

A

-Chronic disease in which long term irritation of lung tissue causes destruction of alveolar walls & decrease elasticity.
- Results in reduced capacity for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Asthma (definition & result)

A
  • Chronic inflammation disorder which may be related to an allergy.
  • Causes of constriction of smooth muscle of the airway & excessive mucous production that together trigger wheezing, coughing, & great difficulty breathing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Tuberculosis (TB) (2)

A
  • Infectious disease that usually affects the lungs, causing progressive destruction & scarring of alveoli
  • Caused by bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Atelectasis (2)

A
  • Collapsed lung
  • Often caused by trauma (broken ribs), increased intrapleural pressure, or a lack of surfactant in the alveoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Anoxia vs Hypoxia

A
  • Anoxia= lack of oxygen supply to a tissue or structure that can cause necrosis (tissue death)
  • Hypoxia= low or reduced oxygen supply to tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Eupnea, Apnea, Dyspnea, & Hyperpnea

A
  • Eupnea= good, normal, quiet breathing
  • Apnea= temporaty interruption in respiration
  • Dyspnea= difficult or painful breathing
  • Hyperpnea= increased rate & depth of breathing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hyperventilation vs. Hypoventilation

A
  • Hyperventilation= rapid, deep breathing that allows the expiration of more CO2
  • Hypoventilation= slow, shallow breathing that allows the expiration of less CO2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the sequence of events during Inspiration? (5)

A

1) Inspiration muscles CONTRACT (diaphragm descends & rib cage rises)
2) Thoracic cavity volume INCREASES
3) Lungs are STRETCHED & intrapulmonary volume INCREASES
4) Intrapulmonary pressure DROPS (to -1mm Hg)
5) Air (gases) flows INTO lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is equal to 0 (aka equal to atmospheric pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the sequence of events during Expiration? (5)

A

1) Inspiration muscles RELAX (diaphragm rises & rib cage descends due to recoil of costal cartilages)
2) Thoracic cavity volume DECREASES
3) Lungs are passively RECOILED & intrapulmonary volume DECREASES
4) Intrapulmonary pressure RISES (to +1mm Hg)
5) Air (gases) flows OUT of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is equal to 0 (aka equal to atmospheric pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

For each respiration breathe what is the volume over what amount of time?

A

Pressure gradients move 0.5 liters of air into & out of the lungs over a period of 5 seconds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Spirometry & Spirometer

A
  • Spirometry= process of measuring volumes of air that move into & out of the respiratory system
  • Spirometer= device used to measure pulmonary volumes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Boyle’s Law (2)

A
  • The pressure of a gas in a closed container decreases as the container’s volume increases (assuming temperature remains constant)
    -Explains why when the thoracic cavity volume increases , air pressure in the lungs decreases & when thoracic cavity volume decreases, air pressure in the lungs increases
  • P= k/V ( P= pressure, k= a constant for a given temperature, & V= volume of container)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 4 Pulmonary Volumes (measured by a Spirometer) & Abbreviations & Normal volumes for adult males?

A

1) Tidal Volume- TV- 500 mL
2) Inspiration Reserve Volume- IRV- 3000 mL at rest
3) Expiration Reserve Volume- ERV- 1100 mL at rest
4) Minute Respiratory Volume- MRV- 6000 mL/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Definitions for each Pulmonary Volume (4)

A

1) TV= Normal volume of air inspired & expired with each breath (increases when a person is more active & causes a decrease in IRV & ERV)
2) IRV= Amount of air that can be inspired forcefully BEYOND a normal TV
3) ERV= Amount of air that can be forcefully expired BEYOND normal TV
4) MRV= total volume of air flowing into or out of the respiratory tract per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the Pulmonary Volumes that cannot be measured with a Spriometer? (3)

A

1) Residual Volume (RV)= Volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages & lungs after the most forceful expiration (BEYOND ERV)- 1200 mL
2) Minimal Volume (MV)- Volume of air remaining in the lungs after thoracic cavity has been opened
3) Anatomic Dead Space- Air that is inhaled but does not participate in gas exchange (150mL) - numerically equal to a person’s weight in pounds and includes air in the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & bronchioles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the 4 Pulmonary lung capacities resulting from the sum of 2 or more volumes?

A

1) Inspiratory Capacity- IRV + TV= 3600mL
2) Functional Residual Capacity= ERV + RV = 2400 mL (usually about 80% of the total lung capacity)
3) Vital Capacity (VC)= TV + IRV + ERV= 4800 mL
4) Total Lung Capacity (TLC)= TV + IRV + ERV + RV= 6000mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lung Compliance (4)

A
  • Measure of how easily the lungs expand and contract due to their elasticity & volume
  • Alveolar surface tension determines compliance
  • Lower compliance= harder to expand lungs & thorax ( from inelastic fibers in lung tissue, collapse of alveoli, increased resistance to airflow like asthma, etc).
  • ## Higher compliance= easier to expand due to loss of elasticity which reduced elastic recoil force thereby making expiration not as efficient.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Charles’ Law (3)

A

1) Volume of gas is proportional to its temperature, assuming pressure remains constant.
2) Gas temperature rising = volume rising, same for falling
3) Explains how temperature changes during inhalation can allow the lungs to more easily fill with air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Dalton’s Law (of Partial Pressure)

A

1) In a mixture of gases, the total pressure of the mixture equals the sum of the partial pressures of its constituents (Atmospheric pressure is sum of all the Partial Pressure in air)
2) Partial Pressure- the pressure exerted by each individual gas alone (within a mixture of gases).
3) Helpful in understanding gas exchange because it tells us that individual gases like CO2 & O2 exert pressure independent of each other (Partial Pressure of Oxygen= pO2 & Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide= pCO2)
4) Determined by it’s percentage multiplied by the total pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What factors cause differences in composition among alveolar air, expired air, & atmospheric air? (3)

A

1) Air entering the respiratory system is humidified
2) O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the blood, while CO2 diffuses from the blood into the alveoli
3) Alveolar air is only partially replaced with atmospheric air during each inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Henry’s Law (3)

A

1) Assuming temperature remains constant, the ability of a gas to remain dissolved in a liquid depends on it’s partial pressure and its solubility coeficient.
2) Solubility Coeficient= measure of a chemical attraction between gas and the liquid.
3) Gas with high partial pressure & high solubility coefficient will tend to remain dissolved in a liquid fairly easily.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

5 Applications of Henry’s Law

A

1) Effect of opening a can of soda on amount of carbonation present
2) Decompression Sickness- when nitrogen gas bubbles form in body tissues from a person moving too quickly from a high pressure environment to low pressure environment (sea divers)
3) Nitrogen Narcosis
4) Hyperbaric Oxygen CHamber
5) Hyperbaric Chamber

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens to intra-alveolar pressure during respiration?

A
  • During inhalation, pressure decreases because the alveolar volume has increased
  • During exhalation, pressure increases because the alveolar volume has decreased
29
Q

What is the factor drives alveolar ventilation? What 2 factors influence the ability of alveoli to increase and decrease in volume?

A

1) Changes in pressure difference is the driving factor
2) Lung recoil
3) Pleural Pressure

30
Q

Lung Recoil (3)

A

1) Tendency for lungs to decrease in size after they are stretched.
2) Occurs due to elastic recoil & water surface tension
3) Surfactant prevents the collapse of alveoli due to surface tension

31
Q

Surfactant (3)

A

1) Mixture of lipoprotein molecules produced by type II pneumocytes of the alveolar epithelium.
2) Forms a one-molecule-thick layer over the alveolar fluid which reduces the surface tension in alveoli
3) This greatly reduces risk of lungs collapse

32
Q

Pleural Pressure (3)

A

1) Pulls the lungs outward and is lower than intra-alveolar pressure
2) Negative pleural pressure causes alveoli to expand
3) After expiration, pleural pressure is -4 mmHg & intra-alveolar pressure is 0mm Hg

33
Q

Pneumothorax (3)

A

1) Increase in pleural pressure caused by a separation of the visceral & parietal pleurae.
2) Caused by either penetrating trauma (stabbing, gun shot, breaking a rib) or nonpenetrating trauma (blow to chest, medical procedure to withdraw pleural fluid, or disease such as emphysema).
3) Treated by inserting a chest tub that aspirates the pleural cavity & restores negative pressure which allows lung to re-expand.

34
Q

Summary of Pressure changes during normal breathing cycle

A

1) During inspiration= thoracic cavity pressure decreases (pleural pressure & intra-alveolar pressure) and volume of air in lungs increases
2) During expiration= thoracic cavity pressure increases (pleural pressure & intra-alveolar pressure) and volume of air in lungs decreases

35
Q

What are the assigned values for atmospheric pressure & for intra-alveolar pressure (from end of expiration to beginning inspiration, end of inspiration, then during expiration)?

A
  • Atmospheric pressure= 760mm Hg
  • Intra-alveolar pressure= 760mm Hg at end of expiration, 759mm Hg beginning inspiration, 760mm Hg at end of inspiration, 761mm Hg during expiration
36
Q

How would traveling to higher altitude (where atmospheric pressure is lower, affect inspiration?

A

If atmospheric pressure is higher than alveolar pressure, air flows into the lungs. But with lower atmospheric pressure, less air flows into the lungs causing reduced breath and a feeling of “thinner” air at high altitudes (aka lower atmospheric pressure)

37
Q

Would the atmostpheric pressure change if someone is inside a hyperbaric chamber? (3)

A
  • No, atmospheric pressure is always constant.
  • There would be a greater difference between atmospheric pressure and intra-alveolar pressure.
  • This causes less resistance of air flow thereby allowing blood to become more readily oxygenated due to the larger pressure gradient into the lungs.
38
Q

What 3 factors affect diffusion through the respiratory membrane?

A

1) Partial pressure gradients for O2 & CO2
2) Thickness of the respiratory membrane
3) Surface area of the respiratory membrane

39
Q

What does partial pressure do and where is it highest for O2 & CO2? (3)

A

-Partial pressure determines where gas will flow between alveoli & blood
-PO2= higher in alveoli to force oxygen out into the bloodstream
-PCO2= higher in blood to force CO2 out of bloodstream into alveoli

40
Q

Hemoglobin Characteristics (4)

A

1) Complex protein synthesized by immature RBCs
2) Remains within the cytoplasm of RBCs
3) Occupies 1/3 of total RBC volume
4) Transports oxygen

41
Q

4 Types of Hemoglobin

A

1) Embryonic
2) Fetal- has higher affinity for O2 than maternal hemoglobin.a
3) Adult- consists of 4 subunits each with 1 iron-based heme group which binds O2 so 1 Hemoglobin can carry up to 4 O2 molecules
4) Hemoglobin-S - found in people with sickle-cell disease

42
Q

Transport of O2 (4)

A

1) 98.5% of O2 transported reversibly bound to hemoglobin within RBCs
2) 1.5% dissolves in the plasma
3) Cells use O2 in aerobic cellular respiration to synthesize ATP
4) Affinity of Hemoglobin for O2 decreases as O2 demand increases

43
Q

3 Ways CO2 transported into blood

A

1) Dissolved in the plasma (7%)
2) Bound to Hemoglobin (23%) (blood proteins)
3) Converted to Bicarbonate Ion (HCO3-) (70%)

44
Q

Haldane Effect

A
  • The smaller the amount of O2 bound to Hemoglobin, the greater the amount of CO2 able to bind to it (& vice versa)
  • Therefore high pO2 levels will force CO2 off of Hb & into blood plasma
45
Q

TRANSPORT OF CO2 AS BICARBONATE IONS (pg. 893)

A

1) CO2 combines with H2O inside RBCs to form Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) which dissociates to form HCO3- but high concentration of HCO3- hinders CO2 transport
2) Chloride shift occurs (exchange of Cl- for HCO3- between plasma & RBCs)
3) Hyrdogen ions then bind to hemoglobin to promote CO2 transport and prevent pH changes in RBCs (produce Bohr effect)

CO2 + H2O (Carbonic Anhydrase) –> H2CO3 (Carbonic Acid) –> H+ (Hydrogen ion) + HCO3- (Bicarbonate ion)

46
Q

Chemoreceptors (Central & Peripheral) (3)

A

1) Neurons that detect changes in pH, PO2, PCO2, or all 3
2) Central Chemoreceptors- located in the chemosensitive area of the Medulla Oblongata
3) Peripheral Chemoreceptors- found in carotid & arotic bodies

47
Q

Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve

A

1) Graph describing the relationship between the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen and the range of oxygen partial pressures
2) Hemoglobin is 100% saturated when 4 O2 molecules are bound to each hemoglobin molecule in the RBCs.
3) Avg of 2 molecules bound= 50% saturated

48
Q

Allosteric Cooperativity

A

Progressive process that eases O2 binding (O2 binds one at a time to Hemoglobin)

49
Q

What is the new product of O2 & Hb (oxygen & Hemoglobin)?

A

Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

50
Q

What is the combination of CO2 & Hb?

A

Carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)

51
Q

What conditions cause the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve to shift LEFT? (4)

A

1) Hypothermia (blood temp below 37 degrees C)
2) High (basic) pH
3) Low pCO2
4) Low levels of BPG (2,3 biphosphoglyverate) –> forms in RBCs during glucose breakdown & regulated by hormones

52
Q

What conditions cause the Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curve to shift RIGHT? (4)

A

1) Hyperthermia/fever (blood temp above 37 degrees C)
2) Low (acidic) pH
3) High pCO2
4) High levels of BPG (2,3 biphosphoglyverate) –> forms in RBCs during glucose breakdown & regulated by hormones (Commonly seen in people who live in high-altitude environments)

53
Q

What is happening when the Oxygen-Hemoglobin DIssociation Curve shifts to the left vs. right? What is the advantage and for what system?

A
  • Left= affinity between O2 & Hb is increasing causing 100% saturation of Hb & unusually low PO2 levels thus reducing available O2 in blood for gas exchanges. (more advantages for lungs because Hb will attract O2 stronger which encourages diffusion into blood)
  • Right= affinity decreases causing decrease in saturation & high pO2 levels thus increasing available O2 in blood for gas exchanges. (more advantages to tissues because more O2 needed to support ATP production)
54
Q

Bohr Effect

A

Shift of oxy-hemo diss curve to the right or left because of changes in pH

55
Q

Respiratory Areas in the Brainstem (4)

A

1) Medullary Respiratoty center= Dorsal & Ventral
2) Dorsal Resp Groups= stimulate diaphragm
3) Ventral Resp Groups= stimulate intercostal & abdominal muscles
4) Pontine Resp Group= involved in switching between inspiration & expiration (not essential for respiratory rhythm & housed in the Pons)

56
Q

Generation of Rhythmic Pulmonary Ventilation (3)

A

1) Neurons of Medullary Respiratory Center establish basic rhythm.
2) When stimuli from receptors or part of brain exceed a threshold, inspiration begins.
3) As respiratory muscles are stimulated, neurons that stop inspiration are stimulated & when these neurons exceed threshold level, inspiration is inhibited.

57
Q

Effect of pO2 on Respiratory Rate (2)

A

1) O2 level in the blood affect pulmonary ventilation when a 50% or greater decrease from normal exists
2) Decreased O2 is detected by receptors in the carotid & aortic bodies which then stimulates the respiratory center.

58
Q

Effect of pCO2 on Respiratory Rate (2)

A

1) CO2 is the major regulator of pulmonary ventilation
2) Increase in CO2 or decrease in pH can stimulate chemosensitive area, causing a greater rate & depth of pulmonary ventilation.

59
Q

Effect of pH on Respiratory Rate (2)

A

1) Low pH stimulates an increased respiratory rate which expels excess CO2
2) Lower level of CO2 returns pH to normal levels

60
Q

Hering-Breuer Reflex

A

1) a productive reflex in which inspiration is halted (expiration begins) in order to prevent excessive overinflation of the lungs
2) Triggered by stretch receptors in the walls of the bronchi & bronchioles

61
Q

5 Steps of Bicarbonate formation & movement

A

1) CO2 diffuses into the erythrocyte
2) CO2 + H2O –> H2CO3
3) H2CO3 –> H+ + HCO3- (biocarbonate)
4) Chloride shift
5) HCO3 is in plasma

62
Q

5 Steps of Biocarbonate Conversion to Carbon Dioxide & Carbon Dioxide leaving cell

A

1) HCO3- enters erythrocyte & Chloride (CI-) is released while Hemoglobin in erythrocyte releases Hydrogen ions (H+)
2) Biocarbonate & hydrogen ions react to form Carbonic Acid (H2CO3) in erythrocyte
3) Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes breakdown into water & carbon dioxide.
4) Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cell & down pressure gradient into Alveoli (blood pCO2 drops from 45mmHg to 40mmHg)

63
Q

What are the 3 Gas Laws & Descriptions

A

1) Dalton’s Law- pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to its volume at a given temperature.
2) Boyle’s Law- partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is proportional to its percentage within the mixture.
3) Henry’s Law- concentration of a gas dissolved in a liquid is equal to the partial pressure of the gas multiplied by its solubility coefficient.

64
Q

What gas law refers to the relationship between Volume and pressure?

A

Boyle’s Law- P=1/V

65
Q

What gas law discusses why oxygen moves according to its own partial pressure gradient?

A

Dalton’s Law- partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases is the percentage of the gas in the mixture. Gases move down their partial pressure gradients.

66
Q

What gas law describes why more carbon dioxide is dissolved in plasma than oxygen?

A

Henry’s Law- CO2 is 24 times more soluble than O2 so CO2 exits through the respiratory membrane more readily than O2 enters. (example would be opening a carbonated drink- under pressure the CO2 dissolves in the solution and opening the bottle releases the pressure and dissolved CO2)

67
Q

What are the approximate values of each pulmonary Volume: Tidal Volume, Inspiration Reserve Volume, and Expiration Reserve Volume.

A

TV= 500 mL
IRV= 1300 mL
ERV= 1100 mL (DOUBLE CHECK)

68
Q

Carbonic Acid, formed during the transport of CO2, dissociates into which 2 products?

A

Bicarbonate ion & Hydrogen ion

69
Q

What is the blood flow rate through pulmonary capillaries referred to as?

A

Pulmonary capillary perfusion

A & P II (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions