Respiratory & Immune System PT.2

Question 1

Mouth vs nose inhaling- Least resistance?

Answer 1

Mouth
mouth has less resistance because nose has conchae and cilia to slow it down.

Question 1

Nasal Cavity Functions

Answer 1

Air enters through the nasal cavity where it is warmed, filtered, and moistened

Nasal factor has olfactory receptors

Question 2

Pharynx, laryngopharynx, oropharynx, oral cavity, esophagus- comparative locations

Answer 2

Pharynx

*The nasopharynx lies posterior to the nasal cavity

*The oropharynx lies posterior to the oral cavity

*The laryngopharynx lies posterior to the larynx

Esophagus

Question 3

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 3

A progressive, inherited disease that causes malfunction in cells that produce mucus and certain other body fluids

Leads to persistent lung infections as well as other problems throughout the body

Question 4

Pulmonary embolism

Answer 4

Blockage of pulmonary blood flow by clot or obstruction

Question 5

Random statement

Answer 5

Carbon dioxide from tissue cells into blood during internal respiration

Question 6

Pneumorthorax

Answer 6

Air leaks from the lungs to the space near the chest wall due to excess pressure on the lungs

Causes: COPD TB ASTHMA WHOOPING COUGH OR CF

Question 7

Respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 7

Due to a lack of surfactant which causes alveoli to collapse

Question 8

COPD

Answer 8

11. COPD

COPD- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

A group of diases that restrict airflow and make breathing dificult.

Symptoms: difficulty breathing, extra mucus, wheezing

Due to particulate exposure- smoking, air pollution, etc.

Question 9

Anoxia (no food?)

Answer 9

Total lack of oxygen

Hypoxia- partial lack of oxygen

Question 10

13. Apnea (nea= nia=stopped dancing)

Answer 10

Cessation of breathing

Question 11

Cyanosis (cyan)

Answer 11

Blue color due to lack of oxygen

Question 12

Emphysema

Answer 12

Smokers get emphysema

Alveoli damaged and enlarged

Question 13

of lobes in R & L lungs (right is favored)

Answer 13

Right: 3

Left: 2

Question 14

Smoking vs stopping smoking and respiratory response

Answer 14

When stop smoking- reparatory performance improves

Question 15

Tidal volume (calm ocean tides)

Answer 15

The amount of air that moves into and out of the lungs during normal quiet breathing

Approximately 500 mL

Question 16

Residual Volume

Answer 16

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IN)

*The amount of air that can be inhaled forcibly after a normal inhalation

*Averages between 2100 and 3200 mL

Expiratory Reserve Volume (EXIT)

*The amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

*Approximately 1200 mL

Question 17

Vital capacity

Answer 17

*The total amount of air that can be exchanged
greatest volume of air that can be expelled from lungs after taking the deepest possible breaths

Question 18

Chemical Regulator of respiration

Answer 18

Carbon dioxide

Question 19

Structures of the Lymphatic System (Tony thought spinning penguins ate)

Answer 19

Tonsils: trap pathogens entering the throat

Thymus: involved in producing lymphocytes in children

Peyer’s Patches: capture and destroy bacteria in the small intestine

Spleen: filters pathogens and debris from blood

Apenex

Question 20

Location, size, involution, and function of thymus

Answer 20

Location- The thymus gland is in the chest between the lungs.

Anterior media sternum

Size- Largest during 2nd year of life shrinks after puberty

Involution- the shrinkage of an organ in old age or when inactive, e.g. of the uterus after childbirth.

Function- The thymus is the organ primarily responsible for the production and maturation of immune cells

Question 21

Two most damaging and disabling respiratory diseases in the U.S.

Answer 21

COPD and lung cancer

Question 22

Lymph NOdes function (NO IN THE LYMPH)

Answer 22

*Filter unwanted substances such as pathogens and cancer cells from the lymph

filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid, and they contain lymphocytes (white blood cells) that help the body fight infection and disease.

Question 23

T Lymphocyte production and storage locations

Answer 23

*Non-antibody producing lymphocytes

*Function in cell-mediated immunity

*Develop in the thymus gland

Question 24

Complement system

Answer 24

Helps or complements the ability of antibodies a phagocytic cell to clear pathogens from an organism

Question 25

Adaptive immunity

Answer 25

*Acquired during an infection or vaccination *Provides immunological memory Specific Defenses

Question 26

Passive immunity

Answer 26

that occurs when a person is given antibodies rather than making them through his or her own immune system. *Acquired when a mother’s antibodies cross the placenta to the baby or when antibodies from a donor are injected *Does not provide immunological memory - short-lived immunity

Question 27

33. Innate immunity (inNATE MORE LIKE INMATE HA UR NOT GONNA MATE LOL)

Answer 27

*Protect the body from all foreign invaders, regardless of their type or location *Examples: *Skin *Mucous membranes *Inflammatory response *Proteins Nonspecific Defenses

Question 28

Antigen

Answer 28

Any substance that triggers an immune response Most common antigens are a bacterium, fungus, virus, toxin, or foreign body Proteins are the strongest antigens

Question 29

Antibody

Answer 29

producing specialized proteins called antibodies that bind to antigens, tagging them for destruction by other cells

Question 30

Sore throat and swollen lymph nodes indicate an increase in what?

Answer 30

*Lymph nodes may swell and become tender when an infection is present *Caused by large numbers of trapped bacteria or viruses

Question 31

Function of Helper T cells (helpy fnaf he alerts u)

Answer 31

*“Help” by circulating through the body and stimulating other immune cells into action by: *Directly interacting with them or *Releasing chemicals that stimulate their activity

Question 32

Humoral immunity cells

Answer 32

humoral immune response, in which antibodies produced by B cells prevent the spread of intracellular infections. *Involves antibodies that circulate in the blood or lymph *Activated when B cell antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of a pathogen *Triggers rapid division called clonal selection

Question 33

Natural Killer Cells

Answer 33

A type of lymphocyte that binds to certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells Kills them by injecting granules that contain special proteins such as perforin, which creates holes in the plasma membrane

Question 34

Indications of inflammatory response (5)

Answer 34

1. Redness 2 heat, 3. swelling 4. pain 5. loss of function

Question 35

What are T and B cells activated by?

Answer 35

T cells and b cells ae only activated by exposure to a specific antigen at a specific cite in the plasma membrane

Question 36

Order of conduction (9)

Answer 36

1 Mouth/nose, 2. trachea 3.primary bronchus 4.lobar bronchus 5.bronchioles 6.terminal bronchiole 7.respiratory bronchiole 8.alveolar duct 9.alveoli

Question 37

1st 2nd 3rd and 4th line of defense

Answer 37

1st skin 2nd mucous 3rd T cells 4th memory cells 1st: Mechanical Barriers ex. Skin, Mucous Membranes 2nd: Cells and Chemicals: Phagocytes, Natural killer cells, Inflammatory response Variety of chemicals 3rd: Two Divisions *Humoral *Cellular

Question 38

T Cell Production Location

Answer 38

Thymus

Question 39

Newborn immunity

Answer 39

Antibodies across placenta from mother