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Respiratory Mechanisms Flashcards

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1
Q

Respiratory System Functions

A
  1. Gas Exchange
  2. Waste Removal
  3. Acid Base Balance
  4. Infuences Temp and Water Balance
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2
Q

Four Forms of Respiration

A
  1. Pulmonary
  2. External
  3. Internal
  4. Cellular
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3
Q

Pulmonary Respiration

A

air movement into/out of lungs

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4
Q

External Respiration

A

gas exchange from alveoli to surrounding capillaries

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5
Q

Internal Respiration

A

gas exchange from peripheral capillaries to surrounding tissues

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6
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

using O2 to burn sugars, metabolites

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7
Q

Diaphragm

A

muscle that drives respiration

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8
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A

takes signals from Medulla to control RR

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9
Q

Pleural Cavities

A

locaiton of the lungs in the thorax

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10
Q

Capillary beds

A

located in the lungs for gas exchange

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11
Q

Alveoli Chambers

A

provide air/capillary bed interface

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12
Q

Air Flow in the Body

A
  1. Naso/Oropharynx
  2. Epiglottix
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Primary Bronchi
  6. Lungs
  7. Secondary Bronchi
  8. Bronchioles
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13
Q

Secondary Bronchi

A

3 in the right lung, 2 in the left lung,

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14
Q

Conducting Zone

A

First 16 Branches, gas excange does not occur here, gas warming and hydration

cartilage holds this open

Trachea, Bronchi, Terminal Bronchioles

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15
Q

Respiratory Zone

A

Last 7 Branches, gas exchange in alveolar ducts and sacs

smooth muscle holds this open

respiratory bronciholes, alveoli

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16
Q

Goblet Cells

A

produce mucus

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17
Q

Alveoli Cell Types

A
  1. Type 1 Pnuemocytes
  2. Type 2 Pneumocytes
  3. Dust Cells
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18
Q

Mucociliating Elevator

A

much of respiratory tracts contains upward ciliated cells, upward sweeping

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19
Q

Type 1 Pnuemocytes

A

gas exchange cells

type of alveoli

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20
Q

Type 2 Pnuemocytes

A

produce surfactant(reduces surface tension of moist membranes)

type of alveoli

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21
Q

Dust Cells

A

macrophages

type of alveoli

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22
Q

Muscles of the Respiratory System

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. External Intercostals, Scalenes, Sternocleidomastoids
  3. Internal Intercostals
  4. Abdominal Muscles
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23
Q

Skeletal Components of the Respiratory System

A
  1. Ribs (hinge action in vertebre)
  2. Sternum
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24
Q

Respiratory System

Membrane Components

A
  1. Pariatal Pleura
  2. Visceral Pleura

small amount between each for lubrication

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25
Pariatal Pleura
lining inside the throasic cavity
26
Visceral Pluera
linign outside of lung
27
The Three Pressures that Control Respiration
1. Intra Alveolar Pressure 2. Intra Thorasic Pressure 3. Elastic Recoil Pressure
28
Inflation Pressures
1. Intra Alveolar Pressure 2. Intra Thorasic Pressure
29
Deflation Pressure
1. Elastic Recoil Pressure
30
Intra Alveolar Pressure
IAP, 760mmHg or air pressure
31
Intra Thorasic Pressure
ITP, slightly below atmospheric pressure
32
Elastic Recoil Pressure
ERP, deflation pressure
33
End of Passive Exhalation Pressures
IAP=ITP+ERP 760=-3+763
34
Inspiration Pressures
IAP>ITP+ERP 760>-7+763
35
Inspiration
1. Diaphragm Contracts 2. Chest Volume Expands 3. ITP decreases 4. ERP gradually increases as lungs fill | driven by Diaphram Contraction
36
Expiration Pressures
IAP
37
Expiration Steps
1. Full Lungs have high ERP 2. Diaphragm and Intercostal Muscles relax 3. Intrathorasic Volume decreases | driven by ERP
38
When are internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles actively contracted?
during exercise
39
Compliance Curve
lungs do not fill and empty in a linear relationship with pressure
40
Resistances that must be overcome to move air
1. Viscous resistance 2. Airway resistance 3. Elastic Recoil Pressure
41
Viscous Resistance
surface tension of moist membranes
42
Airway Resistance
friction of air moving in a tube
43
Work of breathing is increased with pathologies
true
44
Lung Capacity
Males approximatly 25% larger than females
45
Tidal Volume
500 mL, normal inspiration/exhalation at rest, TV ## Footnote normal breathing is from 2200ml to 2700ml
46
Minute Volume
TV x RR = 5-6 L/min
47
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
IRV, 3300mL ## Footnote maximum inspiration, above tidal volume
48
Inspiratory Capacity
sum of IRV +TV
49
Expiratory Reserve Volume
ERV, 1000ml ## Footnote maximum expiration, below tidal volume
50
Residual Volume
RV, 1200ml ## Footnote Whats left in the Respiratory system after ERV
51
Functional Residual Capacity
FRC, sum of ERV + RV
52
Vital Capacity
IRV + TV + ERV
53
Total Lung Capacity
TLC, 6000ml sum of VC + RV
54
Dead Space
air that is in respiratory passages that is not used in the gas exchange process
55
Anatomical Dead Space
air trapped in non-gas exchange areas ## Footnote trachea, bronchi, bronchioles
56
Physiological Dead Space
air that is trapped in nonfunctional or poorly functioning alveoli
57
Neural Control of the Respiratory System
inspiratory center located in the medulla Dorsal Respiratory Group(DRG): inspiration center Ventral Respiratory Group(VRG): expiration center ## Footnote apneustic center in pons recieves signals from cortex to override
58
Ondine's Curse
patient looses involuntary regulation and must breathe voluntarily
59
Hering Breur Inflation Reflex
stretch receptors in lung tissue, activated by large lung inflation, sends signals to medulla to stop inflation
60
Instpiratory Center (DRG) is depressed by
drugs ## Footnote barbituates, morphine
61
3 Compounds that Regulate Respiration
1. pCO2 2. H+ 3. pO2
62
pCO2 in respiratory regulation
strongest regulatory force, increase in pCO2 increases RR, mechanism is through H+ production
63
H+ in respiratory regulation
related to pCO2, increase will increase RR
64
role of pO2 in respiratory regulation
decrease in pO2 increases RR, very weak regulatory force
65
Acid Crisis and the Respiratory System
1. Increase RR 2. Decrease pCO2 3. Decrease acid
66
Base Crisis and the Respiratory System
1. Decrease RR 2. Increase pCO2 3. Increase Acid
67
Cause of black out in respiratory system
when exercising pO2 can frop before pCO2 levels get low enough to trigger respiration, forget to breath, low O2 causes black out
68
Role of Epinephrine in Asthma
bronchodilates, also albuterol
69
Role of Sympathetic stimulation in Asthma
scare the patient if drugs are not available, will stimulate the sympathetic nervous system, releasing natural epinephrine and neurotransmitters
70
Role of Histamine in Asthma
bronchocontrics
71
Role of Leukotrienes
trigger broncoconstriction and mucus production
72
Sneeze Reflex
1. Initiated in nose 2. inspire 2500ml of air 3. close glottis and contract abdominal muscles and internal intercostals 4. increase interthorasic pressure by 100mm 5. open glottis 6. air explodes out at 75-100 mph ## Footnote cough reflex is similar
73
Hiccup
rapid inspiration with closure of glottis, chirping sound ## Footnote possible from diaphragm spasm
74
External Pneumothorax | Sucking Chest Wounds
Intrathoracic Pressure = Air Pressure IAP
75
External Pneumothorax Treatment
remove air from cavity, plug hole, restor to negative ITP
76
Internal Pneumothorax (spontaneous)
rupture of alveoli, air is released into pleural cavity
77
Emphysema | COPD
loss of Elastic Recoil Pressure, IAP>ITP+ERP lungs fill with extra volume that becomes immovable ## Footnote RV increases, IRV drops

Bio 472 (23 decks)

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