Respiratory PATHology Flashcards by Lauren Bainter

normal CO2 level

25-35

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normal bicarbonate level

22-26

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respiratory acidosis:
____ventilation
____ CO2 in blood
pH =
bicarbonate levels ____ (if compensating)

hypoventilation
excess CO2
pH < 7.35
increase

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HR ____ in respiratory acidosis

increases
to compensate for decreased O2

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respiratory alkalosis:
____ventilation
pH =
CO2 levels _____

hyperventilation
pH >7.45
decrease

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infections (sepsis), hypoxia, fever, and high room temperature can lead to

respiratory alkalosis

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if compensating, bicarbonate levels will ___ with respiratory alkalosis

decrease (to decrease the pH)

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which type of acid-base balance disorder would need a rebreather mask?

respiratory alkalosis

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signs and symptoms of respiratory alkalosis

light-headed
paresthesia in fingers and toes
rapid, deep breathing
twitching
anxiety
fear

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signs and symptoms of respiratory acidosis

diaphoresis
headache
tachycardia
confusion
restlessness
apprehension

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causes of metabolic alkalosis

loss of HCl acid (vomit, diarrhea)
renal disease - excreting acid
decreased plasma K+
excessive alkali ingestion

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why is there decreased K+ with metabolic alkalosis?

loss of HCl causes K+ to follow

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which medication class can cause metabolic alkalosis?

diuretics (loss of K+)

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what is the compensation for metabolic alkalosis?

CO2 retension

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metabolic alkalosis:
____ bicarbonate
pH =
_____, _____ breathing

increased
pH > 7.45
slow, shallow

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metabolic acidosis:
____ bicarbonate
pH =
_____, _____ breathing

decreased
pH <7.35
rapid, deep breathing (Kussmaul)

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signs and symptoms of metabolic alkalosis

slow, shallow breathing
confusion
hypertonic muscles
twitching
restlessness, irritability
apathy
tetany
coma (if severe)
seizure

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uncontrolled diabetes can lead to _____. why?

metabolic acidosis
ketone bodies cause acidity

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Kussmaul’s breathing is involved with

metabolic acidosis
(rapid, deep breathing)

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causes of metabolic acidosis

GI issues - bicarbonate loss
liver disease - acid production
endocrine disorders (hypoxia)
hyperkalemia

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signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis

rapid, deep breathing
fatigue
fruity breath
headache
drowsiness
lethargy
nausea
vomiting
coma (if severe)

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what are the 5 main steps in evaluating ABG results?

examine pH
examine CO2
examine HCO3 (bicarbonate)
determine if compensating
check signs and symptoms

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what is a normal blood pH?

7.35-7.45

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if CO2 is too high, the pt is probably ___ventilating

hypoventilating

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if CO2 is too low, the pt is probably ___ventilating

hyperventilating

if bicarbonate (HCO3) is too high, what acid-base disorder is present?

metabolic alkalosis

if bicarbonate (HCO3) is too low, what acid-base disorder is present?

metabolic acidosis

abnormal levels of CO2 indicate a ____ issue, while abnormal levels of bicarbonate indicate a ____ issue (respiratory/metabolic)

CO2 - respiratory HCO3 - metabolic

which diseases comprise COPD?

chronic bronchitis emphysema

increased lung size (obstructive diseases) decreases _____, ______, and _____

vital capacity, expiratory reserve, and functional capacity

is inhalation or exhalation an issue with obstructive diseases? what does it lead to?

exhalation trapped air in lungs --> obstruction

what is the FEV1 in obstructive diseases?

decreased - <70%

emphysema: compliance? cross-sectional area?

HYPERcompliant decreased cross-sectional area (grapes to balloons)

hallmarks of chronic bronchitis

inflamed airway (bronchoconstriction) with mucus production

how does SpO2 change with exercise in emphysema pts?

beginning - normal later - drop d/t accessory muscles fatigue

T/F: SpO2 is normal at rest for emphysema pts?

T (increased RR to compensate)

at rest, how do emphysema pts breathe?

shallow, rapid breathing

what are the 2 main types of emphysema?

panacinar centrilobular

panacinar emphysema affects the ____ and is a ___ condition

alveoli genetic

centrilobular emphysema affects the ____ and is due to ____

bronchioles smoking

why does pursed lip breathing help with emphysema pts?

helps maintain positive pressure (think increased PEEP)

end stage emphysema can cause ___ side heart failure

right

which disease can cause cor pulmonale?

chronic bronchitis

what electrolyte is retained with end stage emphysema?

Na+

why are emphysema (end stage) more susceptible to clots?

increased RBC production to compensate for decreased O2

how may ribs should be seen on a normal chest x-ray?

5-7

what is the #1 cause for hypoxemia?

ventilation-perfusion mismatch

what diseases are obstructive?

COPD (emphysema and chronic bronchitis) asthma bronchiectasis

hallmarks of chronic bronchitis

excessive mucus productive cough less ciliary activity blue (cyanosis)

what type of sputum is common with chronic bronchitis?

purulent

in chronic bronchitis, CO2 is ___ and O2 is _____

CO2 - high O2 - low

T/F: compliance is usually normal with chronic bronchitis

pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic bronchitis can lead to

R ventricular failure: cor pulmonale jugular vein distention fluid retention --> edema

what lung sound is heard with asthma?

wheezing (on the exhale) (air through diff diameters)

adult onset of asthma is usually caused by

chronic bronchospasms increased SNS decreased PSNS

how does asthma become a chronic condition?

bronchial wall becomes thicker d/t inflammation --> higher edema and fluid build up --> obstruction

extrinsic triggers of asthma

allergic response

intrinsic triggers of asthma

IgE antibody issue (not associated with allergens)

what is the main issue with restrictive lung diseases?

low compliance

what are the 3 types of bronchiectasis?

cylindrical varicose saccular (cystic)

what causes bronchiectasis?

chronic, recurrent infections weakens walls --> retain secretions --> difficult to cough

what structure can be effected in restrictive lung diseases?

lung tissue, chest wall, or surfactant

which values are decreased with restrictive lung diseases?

vital capacity ventilation (--> hypoxemia)

what breathing techniques should be taught to restrive lung disease pts?

breathing deeper

types of restrictive lung diseases

pneumothorax atelectasis pneumonia acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

what causes a pneumothorax?

air in the pleural space (b/w parietal and visceral pleura) causes a more positive pressure

what is the most common restrictive disorder?

atelectasis

central mechanisms of atelectasis

ventilator SNS issue pain

extramural mechanisms of atelectasis

scoliosis immobilization

mural mechanisms of atelectasis

asthma

2 types of pneumonia

lobar bronchiole (aspiration, meconium)

lobar pneumonia is due to

consolidation

bronchiole pneumonia is due to

large amounts of sputum produced

which type of pneumonia is more diffuse?

bronchiole

what is normally the cause of ARDS?

infections (sepsis)

as the lung tissues tries to heal with ARDS, _____ is impaired

surfactant

Respiratory PATHology Flashcards

(76 cards)