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20003 > respiratory pharamcology > Flashcards

respiratory pharamcology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main characteristics of asthma

A
  • airway inflammation
  • obstruction
  • bronchial hyper-responsiveness
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2
Q

mild asthma characteristics

A
  • below best level of function due to wheeze
  • PEFR >75% best predicted
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3
Q

moderate asthma characteristics

A
  • PEFR >50-75% best or predicted
  • able to speak sentences
  • increasing symptoms: HR and RR
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4
Q

acute severe asthma characteristics

A
  • PEFR 33-50% best or predicted
  • SpO2 >92%
  • inability to complete sentences in one breath
  • HR >110
  • RR >25
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5
Q

life threatening asthma characteristics

A
  • PEFR <33%
  • Spo2 <92%
  • altered level of conscious
  • exhaustion
  • cyanosis
  • poor respiratory effort
  • arrhythmia
  • hypotension
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6
Q

what is the mechanism of actions of B2-adrenoceptor agonist (bronchodilators)

A
  • mimic action of the natural ligand - adrenaline or noradrenaline
  • activated receptors cause bronchodilation
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7
Q

what are examples of short acting b-agonists (bronchodilators)

A
  • salbutamol
  • terbutaline
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8
Q

what are features of short acting b-agonists

A
  • inhalation
  • short onset and duration of action
  • relievers
  • as you need basis
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9
Q

what are examples of long acting B-agonists (bronchodilators)

A
  • salmeterol
  • formoterol
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10
Q

what are features of long acting B-agonists

A
  • inhalation
  • slow onset and long duration
  • not used as needed
  • add on therapy
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11
Q

what are adverse effects of B2-adrenoceptor agonists

A
  • tremors
  • tachycardia
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12
Q

what medications fall under B2-adrenoceptor agonists

A
  • short-acting B-agonists
  • long-acting B-agonists
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13
Q

when are inhaled corticosteroids used

A

moderate to severe asthma

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14
Q

when are oral/ systemic corticosteroids used

A

for severe asthma

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15
Q

what is the mechanism of action of corticosteroids

A
  1. inhibit production of inflammatory cytokines TNFa, IL1 and IL8
  2. reduces expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules
  3. inhibit gene transcription of COX2
  4. increase synthesis of anti-inflammatory factors
  5. stabilise mast cells and basophil membrane decreasing histamine release
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16
Q

adverse effects of inhaled corticosetroids

A
  • oral thrush
  • voice problems
17
Q

what are the adverse effects of corticosteroids

A
  • hypokalaemia
  • palpitations
  • hypertension
  • mood changes
  • hyperlipidaemia
  • osteoporosis
  • delayed healing
  • hyperglycaemia
18
Q

what is the mechanism of action of magnesium sulfate to treat asthma

A
  1. blocks calcium influx
  2. inhibits Ach and histamine
  3. no more Ach means no more bronchoconstriction
19
Q

what are the adverse effects of magnesium sulfate

A
  • hypotension
  • muscle paralysis
  • weakness
  • cardiac, CNS and respiratory depression
20
Q

what is COPD

A

chronic and progressive, abnormal inflammatory response that is not fully reversible

21
Q

what are the characteristics of COPD for diagnosis

A
  • sputum producing cough
  • 3 months a year over 2 years
22
Q

what is emphysema

A
  • alveoli wall destruction
  • sacs are full of air throughout exhalation
23
Q

what are the 2 types of muscarinic receptor antagonists

A
  • short acting muscarinic antagonists
  • long acting muscarinic antagonists
24
Q

what are examples of short acting muscarinic antagonists

A

ipratropium bromide

25
Q

what are examples of long acting muscarinic antagonists

A
  • tiotropium
  • aclidinium
  • umeclidinium
26
Q

what is the mechanism of action of muscarinic receptor antagonists

A
  • competitively inhibit cholinergic receptors - M3
  • inhibition in airway smooth muscle and mucus glands
27
Q

what is the action time of muscarinic receptor antagonists

A
  • slow onset of action
  • slow and long duration depending on drug
28
Q

what are the adverse effects of muscarinic receptor antagonists

A

dry mouth

29
Q

what are the features of acute exacerbation of COPD

A
  • increased dyspnoea
  • increase sputum volume
  • increased cough
  • upper airway symptoms
  • increased wheeze
  • chest tightness
  • reduced exercise tolerance
  • fluid retention
  • increased fatigue
  • acute confusion
30
Q

what are the severe features of COPD exacerbation

A
  • marked dyspnoea
  • tachypnoea
  • pursed lips breathing
  • accessory respiratory muscle use
  • acute confusion
  • new onset cyanosis
  • new onset peripheral oedema
  • reduction in activities
31
Q

what is croup

A
  • upper respiratory viral infection
  • swelling and inflammation of mucosal and submucosal tissue
32
Q

what are the symptoms of croup

A
  • runny nose
  • sore throat
  • fever
  • cough
  • stridor
33
Q

what can be used to treat croup

A
  • O2 is sats are low
  • adrenaline
  • oral steroids
34
Q

why is adrenaline used to treat croup

A
  • is a bronchodilator
  • functional or physiological antagonists
  • acts on 2 different receptors having opposite effect on each other

20003 (17 decks)

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