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Physiology 2 > Respiratory Structure and Function: Lecture 2 & 3 > Flashcards

Respiratory Structure and Function: Lecture 2 & 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the MAIN purpose of the respiratory system?

A

to get oxygen into the body for the cells and to get rid of carbon dioxide that the cells of the body produce

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2
Q

What are the 2 separate processes of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Internal respiration
  2. External respiration
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3
Q

What is the difference between internal and external respiration?

A

External = all of the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide outside of the cells

Internal = everything that happens in the cell

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4
Q

What is External Respiration?

A

all the events that are involved in the exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and the cells of the body

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5
Q

How many steps are there for external respiration?

A

4

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6
Q

What are the 4 steps of external respiration?

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. Diffusion (i)
  3. Blood transport
  4. Diffusion (ii)
    “at the level of the tissue”
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7
Q

What is happening at ventilation?

A

movement or air into and out of the lungs

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8
Q

What is happening at diffusion (i)?

A

O2 and CO2 are exchanged between the air in alveoli within the pulmonary capillaries via diffusion

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9
Q

What is happening at blood transport?

A

O2 and CO2 are being transported to the lungs and tissues

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10
Q

What is happening at diffusion (ii)?

A

at the organ or tissue…
O2 and CO2 are being diffused between the tissue and the blood across systemic capillaries (tissues)

blood —– tissue—- diffused into cell

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11
Q

True or False
Oxygen and Carbon dioxide are completing these steps in opposite orders

A

True

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12
Q

When we breathe in what is the fraction of the oxygen we breathe in from the air?

A

20.93% - 21% percent oxygen

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13
Q

When we breathe in what is the fraction of the carbon dioxide we breathe in from the air?

A

0.03% - basically nothing

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14
Q

What is the concentration of oxygen at the end of a breath?

A

lower than 21%. Approx 16%

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15
Q

What is the concentration of carbon dioxide at the end of a breath?

A

higher than 0.03%. 4 -5%

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16
Q

Veins carry what?

A

deoxygenated blood, carbon dioxide rich blood

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17
Q

Arteries carry what?

A

oxygenated blood, carbon dioxide poor blood

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18
Q

What is the Wasserman Gears of Life?

A

“gears” that explain the external respiratory system

  • oxygen is inspired
  • is diffused by pulmonary circulation
  • oxygen is sent to peripheral circulation
  • is diffused into the muscles
  • oxygen is consumed by mitochondria
  • carbon dioxide goes through the same system backward
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19
Q

What are the nonrespiratory functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • water
  • heat loss
  • enhances veinous return
  • speech
  • singing
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20
Q

How does the respiratory system enhance veinous return?

A

due to the fluxations of pressure in the chest wall, where the heart is enclosed

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21
Q

What are the 3 general pieces of anatomy in the respiratory system?

A

Airways leading into the lungs
- bronchi

Lungs
- airways
- alveoli
- all these elastic structures

Thorax

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22
Q

What are the pathways of oxygen going from the atmosphere into the lungs?

A
  • nasal passage / oral passage
  • larynx goes down
  • trachea
  • right and left bronchi
  • right and left bronchioles
  • terminal bronchiles
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveolus
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23
Q

What is the start of the conduction zone called?

A

trachea

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24
Q

How many times does the bronchus split through bronchioles to alveoli?

A

23 times

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25
is there any gas exchange in the conducting zone?
NAUR
26
Where does gas exchange occur mainly?
Alveoli, alveolus
27
True or False The pressure at the alveolus level is very low due to the huge amount of cross-sectional area
True, for us to have a gas exchange
28
From the bronchi to the terminal bronchioles and the alveoli, there are cilia. What is its purpose?
to help protect against foreign things, aka coughing will occur
29
Why do we secret mucus in the lungs?
- to keep moist and lubricated - it can represent inflammatory responses - kids with CF
30
Where is the end of the conduction zone?
terminal bronchioles
31
What dictates the respiratory zone?
alveolus, alveolar sacs
32
Why are the small airways in the respiratory system covered in smooth muscle? aka terminal brochioles
this can change the diameter of the tube
33
Where are the Pores of Kohn?
within the alveolar sacs
34
What do the Pores of Kohn do?
- allows for alveolar communication - ensuring each alveolus is properly inflated, "pressure needs to be the same"
35
surfactant does what?
regulates breathing pressures, and keeps the alveolus from collapsing
36
True or False Capillaries completely engulf each alveolus
True
37
How many alveolus are there?
approx 3 million
38
How many capillaries are there?
6 million
39
Where are the lungs located?
thoracic cavity
40
What is dictated as the thoracic cavity?
bottom of the lungs to the top of the collarbone
41
What is the thoracic cavity? Definition
air-tight sealed space, shared with heart and blood vessels
42
What is in the lower part of the thoracic cavity?
diaphragm
43
What are some key features that are kept in the lungs?
- highly branched airways - alveoli - pulmonary blood vessels - large quantities of elastic connective tissue
44
What do the large quantities of elastic connective tissue help us with?
- managing the size of our chest - the volume of air in - ease of breathing
45
True or False The elastic connective tissue allows us not to use our muscles to breathe out
True, due to the elastic properties of the lung
46
What is the nasal passage?
nose
47
What is the pharynx?
splits up respiratory from digestive
48
What is the larynx?
voice box
49
What is the trachea?
windpipe - rigid, nonmuscular tubes - rings of cartilage preventing collapse
50
What do bronchioles contain?
- walls that contain smooth muscle innervated by the autonomic nervous system - sensitive to certain hormones and local chemicals - no cartilage to hold them open
51
What is found at the end of the bronchioles?
alveoli (air sacs) clustered at the ends of the terminal bronchioles
52
Why do the bronchioles have smooth muscles?
for constriction and dilation controlled by the autonomic nervous system
53
What do "puffers" do?
bronchial-dilator: relax smooth muscle to open up the airways - targets the smaller areas of the bronchioles
54
What are the alveoli?
thin-walled, inflatable sacs that function in gas exchange
55
What do the walls of Alevoli consist of?
a single layer of flattened Type 1 alveolar cell
56
What do Type 2 alveolar cells do?
make pulmonary surfactant
57
Where are type 2 alveolar cells located?
in the lumen of the alveolus
58
After how many weeks approximately will infants create surfactant on their own?
34-35 weeks
59
What does surfactant do?
decrease the surface tension on the Type 1 walls of the alveolus
60
What do Alveolar macrophages do?
Guard lumen - the individual alveolus
61
What do Pores of Khon do?
allow for airflow between adjacent alveoli aka collateral ventilation, communication between cells
62
What is the approximate diameter of an alveolus?
300 micrometers
63
Why does the Type 1 alveolar cell need to be thin?
to maximize gas echange
64
The distance between the alveolar wall and the pulmonary capillary is what?
0.5 micrometres
65
What is the distance between the alveolar wall and the pulmonary capillary called?
interstitial space
66
When would the interstitial space be larger than normal or compromised?
pulmonary edema
67
What is high-altitude pulmonary edema?
the high altitude pressure will cause a leakage of the capillary network into the interstitial space causing it to expand
68
True or False Cystic fibrous and Pulmonary embolism leads to fluid accumulation in the interstitial space
True
69
The chest wall is composed of what?
- ribs - diaphragm
70
What is the most important thing about the chest wall other than protection?
It has muscles involved that generate pressure that causes airflow
71
People with lung disease will overuse which muscle?
sternocleidomastoid
72
What are the 5 key muscles for INSPIRATION?
- diaphragm (MAIN ONE) - sternocleidomastoidd - scalenes - external intercostal (lines go towards sternum) - parasternal intercostals
73
What are the 5 key muscles for EXPIRATION?
- Internal intercostals (facing away from the sternum) - external abdominal oblique - internal abdominal oblique - transversus abdominis - rectus abdominis
74
True or False The muscles for inspiration are the same as the muscles we use to hold our breath in?
True
75
True or False When we relax the muscle of inspiration our lungs will naturally deflate
True
76
True or False Resting expiration is generally passive
True
77
If we need to cough, exercise, sing, or breathe out anything faster than the natural resting lung rate then we use which muscles?
expiration muscles
78
At rest, during passive/resting exhalation which expiratory muscles are recruited?
none of the above!! always during passive/resting
79
The diagram accounts for what percent of the enlargement of the thoracic cavity during quiet respiration?
75%, due to the contraction and flattening of the diaphragm
80
The onset of expiration begins at what?
the relaxation of inspiratory muscles
81
When we open up the lungs via the ribs and the diaphragm, what happens to the pressure inside the lungs?
- decreasing pressure in the lungs - lower than atmospheric, allowing air in - Boyles law
82
True or False By increasing the volume we can decrease the pressure
True
83
What is the pleura?
the double-walled, closed sac that separates each lung from the thoracic walls/chest wall
84
The pleura attached to the outer surface of the lung is called what? *Attached to the actual organ
visceral pleura
85
The pleura attached to the chest wall (the thoracic wall and the diaphragm) is called what?
Parietal pleura
86
The pleural sac is comprised of what 3 things?
- visceral pleura - partial pleura - fluid in between the two
87
What is the intrapleural pressure?
pressure in the pleural sac

Physiology 2 (18 decks)

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