Respiratory System

Question 1

Name the structures in the Upper Respiratory tract

Answer 1

Paranasal sinuses
Nasal Conchae
nose
nasal cavity
nasopharynx

Question 2

Name the structures in the lower respiratory tract

Answer 2

larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
bronchioles

Question 3

What type of cells secrete pleura?

Answer 3

Simple squamous cells

Question 4

What happens when someone experiences a pneumothorax?

Answer 4

This happens because air entered the pleura which causes the lungs to detach from the ribs
i.e. a collapsed lung

Question 5

Cleans and warms inhaled air
Protects cells from dehydration
Made up of__ except ____

Answer 5

The conducting zone
everything but the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs

Question 6

Ciliated mucous lines the conducting zone, ____ ciliated ____ line conducting zone except for ___ and ____
These are lines with ____ _____

Answer 6

pseudostratified ciliated columnar
the oral and laryngeal pharynx
stratified squamous

Question 7

The pharynx is broken up into what parts __,__,__

Answer 7

nasal, oral and laryngeal

Question 8

Coughing happens because of the nerve endings in the ____. ____ help move the foreign objects up the trachea.

Answer 8

carina. cilia

Question 9

What is the pathway of air?

Answer 9

Nostrils
nasal vestibule
nasal cavity
nasal conchae
posterior nasal aperture
pharynx
larynx
trachea
left and right bronchi

Question 10

Nasal septum, perpendicular plate and hyaline cartilage separate what?

Answer 10

separates the nasal cavity into right and left

Question 11

Pathogens get stuck in the mucous, it humidifies air, creates turbulence and it allows for one to smell better

Answer 11

nasal conchae

Question 12

__ and ___ make up the hard palate

Answer 12

maxilla and palatine bone

Question 13

soft palate

Answer 13

Separates the nasal and oral cavity
closes the nasal passage when eating

Question 14

hyoid bone dictates the start of ____

Answer 14

laryngealpharynx

Question 15

larynx

Answer 15

voice box/chord which sits behind the adams apple or “laryngeal prominence”
epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid cartilage

Question 16

What is the difference between vocal and vestibular folds?

Answer 16

Vocal fold are considered to be the true ones because theses are the ones that make sound
Vestibular folds can’t create sound because not elastic enough and they close the glottis.

Question 17

Tracheostomys take place where and what is it
“smokers tube”

Answer 17

in the criocoid thyroid ligament
it helps get air into the lungs by an making an opening in the trachea

Question 18

When vocal fold are open, it creates a ___ voice, if they’re closed then it creates a ____ ____ voice

Answer 18

Deep
high pitch

Question 19

What do the intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscle do?

Answer 19

Intrinsic muscles regulate tension in vocal chords, and opening of glottis
extrinsic connects the larynx to nearby structures

Question 20

What is the Valsalva maneuver

Answer 20

blowing air with your nose closed
the vestibule fold prevents air from escaping which causes pressure in abdomen
this helps with pooping, lighting weights and delivery of child

Question 21

What causes the epiglottis to close?

Answer 21

the hyoid bone is pulled down while larynx moves up

Question 22

hyaline cartilage, avascular weaker
esophagus is posterior
pseudostratified ciliated columnar lines the thing
___ muscle, and ___ closes the rings

Answer 22

trachea
smooth muscle and trachialis

Question 23

branching of the bronchus
the more branching, the less ___ ____ and the more of ____ tissue, and ____ muscle

Answer 23

bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts, then sacs
hyaline cartilage
elastic tissue
smooth muslce

Question 24

Type 1 alveolar cells vs type 2

Answer 24

Type 1 are simple squamous and type two secrete surfactant, which
reduces surface tension
doesn’t allow alveoli to collapse
more concentrated as alveoli get smallervcb

Question 25

Emphysema

Answer 25

chronic degradation of lungs, which will affect flow of air and blood caused by expose to pollution or smoking people can also have chronic bronchitis

Question 26

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 26

inflammation and excess mucus in bronchial tubes

Question 27

Asthma

Answer 27

tightening of the smooth muscle in conducting airways inflammation shortness of breath

Question 28

gas exchange depends on what

Answer 28

partial pressure differences large SA small diffusion distance across respiratory membrane

Question 29

O2 and CO2 diffuse from __ to __ partial pressures

Answer 29

high to low

Question 30

Name the control centers of breathing and what they do

Answer 30

medulla and pons which contain chemoreceptors that sense pH and CO2 concentration pons-regulates actual breathing (ventilation rate) medulla-signals muscles INVOLUNTARY

Question 31

High CO2 causes ___ pH; Low CO2 causes ___ pH;

Answer 31

low, and high

Question 32

Acidosis, Alkalosis, and how it affects respiration rate

Answer 32

it's decreased blood pH and will increase respiration rate (hyperventilation) increased blood pH and decreases respiration rate

Question 33

__ and ___ affect hemoglobins affinity for oxygen

Answer 33

pH and CO2 concentration even temperature

Question 34

if there is a low level of blood pH how does it affect the curve and affinity

Answer 34

low pH lowers affinity for o2 and curve will shift right

Question 35

Tidal Volume (calm waves)

Answer 35

amount of air exhaled or inhaled during quiet breathing

Question 36

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 36

air that can be forced out after tidal volume

Question 37

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 37

amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume

Question 38

residual volume

Answer 38

amount of air left in lungs lungs after max expiration

Question 39

vital capacity

Answer 39

max amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after max inhalation IRV+ERV+TV

Question 40

total lung capacity

Answer 40

amount of gas in lungs after max inspirtion vital capacity + residual vol

Question 41

inspiratory capacity

Answer 41

amount of gas that can be inspired after normal expiration total lung-functional residual capacity (RV+ ERV) IRV+TV

Question 42

Functional residual capacity

Answer 42

amount of air left in lungs after normal expiration RV+ERV

Question 43

Spirometer/gram and Barometer

Answer 43

spirometer measures respiratory volumes by breathing in and out of a machine the record volume and frequency while barometer measures atmospheric pressure

Question 44

which muscles raises ribcage during inspiration which muscles lowers ribcage during expiration (forcefully)

Answer 44

external intercostal internal intercostal

Question 45

1.these are specific glycoproteins in membrane of RBC and what two are used to type blood 2. y-shpaed immune system proteins that are produced because of a foreign antigen

Answer 45

1.Antigens ABO system and Rh system 2.antibodies

Question 46

agglutination

Answer 46

clumping of RBC antibody is mixed with corresponding antigen and phagocytizes it happens when theres an incompatible blood transfusion because antibodies in recipient plasma binds to the antigen in donor blood

Question 47

When are anti a, and rh antibodies produced?

Answer 47

Anti A and B are produced after expose to Rh antigen Anti Rh are produced during blood transfusion or pregnancy

Question 48

magic breath, effect of co2 on pH

Answer 48

Phenolphthalein is the indicator pink means basic >8.3 clear means acidic <8.3

Question 49

Negatives can ONLY receive from the same negative antigen and O Negatives can donate to anyone who has the antigen present (+/-)

Question 50

Positives can receive from same antigen (+/-) and O Positives can donate to only positive who has antigen present

Question 51

Universal donor Universal Recipient

Answer 51

O- (con: can only receive from O-) AB+ (can only donate to AB+)