Urinary System

Question 1

urinary tract

Answer 1

transport/store urine:ureter urinary bladder, urethra

Question 2

ureters receive urines through_______. Urine is stored in _____ until released through

Answer 2

peristalsis
bladder;urethra

Question 3

Functions of urinary system

Answer 3

regulates plasma ion concentration helping to stabilize blood pH
eliminates metabolic wastes from chemical processes (urea, uric acid) while preventing loss of valuable nutrients
regulates blood pressure through blood volume regulation
synthesizes calcitrol (vit d) and erythropoietin (rbc production)

Question 4

All organs in urinary system are _______ in terms of positioning. Kidneys are partially protectedly ______.

Answer 4

retroperitoneal
rib cage

Question 5

Layers of connective tissue surrounding kidneys helping to stabilize and protect them

Answer 5

fibrous capsule directly surrounds kidneys then perinephric fat and finally renal fascia that anchors them to surrounding structures

Question 6

_____ KIDNEY IS LOWER THAN _____KIDNEY BECAUSE______

Answer 6

RIGHT/LEFT
LIVER IS ABOVE RIGHT

Question 7

_______ AND _____ branch off the aorta and inferior vena cava and go into the kidneys where they branch off into ______ where excess______, _______, and _____ are filtered out of blood

Answer 7

renal arteries and veins
capillaries
ions, water, and waste

Question 8

________ glands or ______ glands are endocrine glands that secrete hormones such as adrenaline and ______

Answer 8

suprarenal; adrenal
cortisol

Question 9

where blood vessels in the renal pelvis will pass through

Answer 9

hilum of kidney

Question 10

______ branches off into glomerular capillaries. group of glomerular capillaries_____
______takes filtrate out and then branches off into ____ capillaries

Answer 10

afferent arteriole
glomerulus
efferent arteriole; peritubular

Question 11

Pathway of renal circulation starting at renal artery

Answer 11

renal artery—->afferent arterioles—>glomerulus—>efferent arterioles

—>peritubular capillaries—>venules—>inferior vena cava

—>vasa recta

Question 12

_____ surround the glomerular capillaries. Between the tiny feet are ____ where blood plasma with substances in it will leak and then whatever was filtered out of blood will end up in capsular space and follow a system of tubules PCT—>_______—>______—>______

Answer 12

podocytes; filtration slits
nephron loop;DCT; collecting duct

Question 13

Renal corpuscle

Answer 13

glomerulus and bowman’s capsule

Question 14

renal tubule

Answer 14

PCT, nephron loop, DCT

Question 15

Nephron is the _______ of the kidney and consist of

Answer 15

functional unit
renal corpuscle+ renal tubule

Question 16

Most nephrons (85%) are ______ because urine is mostly _____ and _______ nephrons main function is to _____ the urine. ______ nephrons can _____ urine because they are way ______ than ____ nephron

Answer 16

cortical; water
juxtamedullary; concentrate
juxtamedullary; concentrate; bigger
cortical

Question 17

Describe the locations of the structures of cortical nephron vs juxtamedullary nephron

Answer 17

Both renal corpuscles of either nephron are in the cortex and the PCT as well

Question 18

Filtrate gets modified in ______

Answer 18

nephron loop

Question 19

Mechanisms nephrons use for urine formation

Answer 19

filtration: process of filtering or forcing fluid across semi-permeable membrane. Filtrations happens at glomerulus which are fenestrated capillaries
Tubular Reabsorption- move substances from tubular fluid back into tissue fluid, reabsorbed back into blood stream (nutrients not waste) (uses ATP)
Tubular Secretion- takes substances from blood stream and interstitial fluid into the nephron (toxins) uses ATP

Question 20

_____ does 60% of reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- ions and some water as well, organic nutrients and proteins. What allows this to reabsorb so well is the cells lining inside which are ______ with _____.

Answer 20

PCT
simple cuboidal; microvilli

Question 21

______ does reabsorption of water (not permeable to ions), leads to small volume of concentrated tubular fluid

Answer 21

Descending limn of nephron loop

Question 22

Does reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- ion in cell membrane of this structure there are lots of Na+ and Cl- _____ pumps that _____ the tubular fluid. By the end of the nephron loop there is _____ volume of ____ tubular fluid

Answer 22

ascending limb of nephron loop
active;deconcentrates
low; diluted

Question 23

In ____ the tubular fluid is sensitive to hormones. _____ works to _____ the amount of aquaporins in the ______and ____ FACILITATING h2oMOVEMENT THROUGH ______

Answer 23

DCT
ADH; increase; DCT and collecting duct

Question 24

When blood osmolality is too high the _____ gland senses this and releases ___ to reabsorb H2O produce _____volume/_____ concentrated urine

Answer 24

pituitary; ADH
less;more

Question 25

______ hormone affects the DCT; it aids in _____ secretion in DCT and ____ reabsorption

Answer 25

Aldosterone K+; Na+

Question 26

______ surround the renal tubule because they put back into the bloodstream all substances that were reabsorbed from tubular fluid as well as to secrete in tubular fluid toxins and ions

Answer 26

Peritubular capillaries

Question 27

_____ is only present in juxtamedullary nephrons. Peritubular capillaries surround the ______of cortical nephrons. Peritubular capillaries surround ______ and ____ of juxtamedullary nephrons but the ___ is surrounded by ____

Answer 27

vasa recta renal tubule DCT;PCT; vasa recta

Question 28

Ending of ____ associates with renal corpuscle forming _______. It is made up of 3 types of cells :

Answer 28

DCT juxtameullary complex macula densa, juxtamedullar cells, extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 29

_______cells are messengers facilitating the communication between macula densa and juxta glomerular cells.

Answer 29

extraglomerular mesangial

Question 30

______in DCT next to afferent anterior; have _______ that sense the fluid inside the DCT and they measure the conc. of ___ and ___ present in tubular fluid after passing through nephron to see if fluid passes through too slowly or quickly

Answer 30

macula densa cells;chemoreceptors Na and Cl

Question 31

______ cells are smooth muscle cells in the wall of afferent arteriole they measure pressure of blood that is entering glomerular capillaries, have _________ measuring stretch of arteriole. If arteriole is really stretched the BP is high and these cells can contract to prevent damage to glomerular capillaries that can pop If BP is too high. If BP is too low then the cells don't stretch enough so they release _______

Answer 31

Juxtaglomerullar;mechanoreceptors renin

Question 32

Lining lumen of ureter is ______ epithelium )also in bladder). It also has ______ layer that moves urine through peristalsis to urinary bladder. The _____ layer is the outermost and anchors ureter to surrounding tissue. Ureters attach ______ to the urinary bladder at the ____. The ___ has 2 orifices that takes urine into the urinary bladder. It is at the base of the bladder and funnels urine into the _____. It is common place of infection

Answer 32

stratified transitional smooth muscle adventitia posteriorly;trigone x2 urethra

Question 33

Bladder has ____ to stretch. The _____ lines the wall of urinary bladder which allows it to contract and squeeze urine into urethra. Continuous with the ______ muscle at the junction of the urinary bladder and urethra is the ______

Answer 33

rugae trucer muscle trucer; internal urethral sphincter

Question 34

Parts of the male urethra

Answer 34

prostatic urethra (passes through prostate)----> membranous urethra passes through urogenital diaphragm-----> spongy urethra goes through corpus spongiosum and exits through external urethral orifice

Question 35

Urination is coordinated by ______ reflex. When bladder is full it stretches and activates _______ that send info to spinal cord then to brain and we become aware of the need to urinate this leads to contraction of the ____ muscle and relaxation of _____.

Answer 35

micturition baroreceptors; detrucer muscle internal urethral sphincter

Question 36

_______ muscles line the wall of the urinary bladder. It is innervated by _________ neurons which release neurotransmitter _______ onto _______ receptors

Answer 36

detrusor parasympathetic (smooth muscle) ACh; musarinic ACh receptors

Question 37

When the bladder is filling, stretch receptors in the bladder stimulate interneurons located in the _________ segments of the spinal cord. These neurons inhibit _________ nerves to the detrusor muscles while the _______ innervations to the internal urethral sphincter and ______ neurons to the external urethral sphincter are stimulated. This describes the ______ reflect and prevents _______

Answer 37

s2-24 parasympathetic sympathetic; somatic motor guarding reflex ;prevents involuntary emptying of bladder

Question 38

During ______ reflex, ______ receptors pass sensory information up the spinal cord to the _______ center of the pons. This center activates ______ nerve to the ____ muscle causing it to ______ rhythmically. Inhibition of _____ nerve may also cause ______ of the internal urethral sphincter. At this point, person feel urgency to urinate but has voluntary control over _______.

Answer 38

voiding; stretch ; micturition parasympathetic; detrusor; contract sympathetic; relaxing external urethral sphincter

Question 39

Renal lobe

Answer 39

1 pyramid+ 2 columns+ external cortex

Question 40

Describe full renal circulation starting from renal artery

Answer 40

renal artery----> interlobar arteries---->arcuate arteries---->interlobular arteries---->afferent arterioles---->glomerulus---->efferent arterioles---->peritubular tubules---->interlobular veins ---->arcuate veins---->interlobar veins---->renal vein

Question 41

describe the flow of filtrate starting at glomerular capsule

Answer 41

Filtrate is produced in renal corpuscle ---->PCT---->descending and ascending limps of loop of henle---->DCT---->collecting duct---->fluid is now urine and will drain into minor calyx

Question 42

Fluid entering the glomerular capsule is called _______.

Answer 42

filtrate

Question 43

Blood must pass through the following layers to become filtrate:

Answer 43

capillary fenestrae---->glomerular basement membrane---->visceral layer of bowmans capsule composed of podocytes and its extensions, pedicles---->(slits in pedicles) slit diaphragm pores (major barrier for filtration of plasma proteins)

Question 44

Defect in the slit diaphragm causes ______. This is because they are the major barrier for filtration of _______ and defects will result in massive leakage of _____into the filtrate. Some _____ is filtered out into filtrate but it is reabsorbed by ________ therefore less than 1% is in urine.

Answer 44

proteinuria plasma proteins; proteins albumin(major class of plasma proteins); active endocytosis

Question 45

Filtrate is formed under the ______ ______ of the blood. Fluid in the glomerular capsule(filtrate or _____) gets there via the ______ of the blood (_____ _____ -_____)

Answer 45

hydrostatic pressure x2 ;ultrafiltrate capillary blood pressure

Question 46

180 L of water is filtered per day but only _ is excreted as urine. This will ____ when well hydrated and _____ when dehydrated. A minumum ______mL must be excreted to get rid of wastes in body this is called_______. 85% of reabsorption occurs in the ______ (65%) and _____(20%) this portion is unregulated. The final 15% of water is absorbed later in the ____ (_____ and ____)under control of -______.

Answer 46

1-2L increase; decrease 400; obligatory water loss proximal tubules; descending loop of Henle nephron (distal tubule and collecting duct) ADH

Question 47

The PCT reabsorbs ___(list) from the filtrate

Answer 47

Na, Cl, K, Mg, NH4,HCO3, H2O, glucose

Question 48

The following describes characteristics of Diabetes Mellitus: Blood glucose is ______ normal and ______appears in the urine. This is because _______ transporters are overwhelmed and can't reabsorb all of it in the filtrate. The presence of excess glucose in the filtrate raises its ______ frequent urination and increased thirst

Answer 48

above;glucose glucose osmolality

Question 49

the frequent urination and increased thirst experienced by people with untreated diabetes are due to

Answer 49

less water being reabsorbed from the filtrate in the blood

Question 50

Water _____ be actively pumped out of the tubes. Fluid entering loop of henle is _____ to interstitial fluids. The structure of the loop of henle allows for a concentration gradient to be set up for the ____ of water. The ______ portion sets up this gradient.

Answer 50

cannot isotonic osmosis ascending

Question 51

In ascending limb of loop of henle _____ is actively pumped into the interstitial fluid from the ____ segment of the limb. Walls are _____to water, so ____ cannot occur. Surrounding interstitial fluid becomes increasingly ______ at the bottom of the tube. Tubular fluid entering the ascending loop of henle becomes more ____ as it ascends the loop.

Answer 51

Salt;thick impermeable;osmosis concentrated hypotonic

Question 52

descending limb of the loop of henle is not permeable to _____ but permeable to ____. wATER is drawn out of the filtrate into the _______ space where it is quickly picked up by capillaries As it descends, the tubular fluid becomes more____ perfect for _____ transport ouT of the fluid in the ascending portion.

Answer 52

salt; water interstitial concentrated; salt

Question 53

countercurrent multiplication is a _______ feed back mechanism created between the two portions of the ______. The more salt removed from thick ascending limb the saltier the fluid entering will be (due to loss of water in descending limb) This progression continues until maximum concentration is reached in inner medulla. This maximum is determined by the capacity of the active transport pumps working along the lengths of the thick segments of the ascending limbs.

Answer 53

positive; loop of henle

Question 54

The ____ is the last stop in urine formation. It is impermeable to ____ but permeable to _____. Also influenced by ______ of interstitial fluid- water will leave via ____ if able to Permeability to water depends on the number of ____ channels in the cells of the collecting duct Availability of these channels is determined by ______

Answer 54

collecting duct salt; water hypertonicity; osmosis aquaporin ADH

Question 55

ADH binds to receptors on _____ cells then vesicles with aquaporin channels fuse to plasma membrane- water channels are removed without ADH ADH is produced by neurons in the ______ but released from ______

Answer 55

collecting duct hypothalamus; posterior pituitary

Question 56

Juxtaglomerular apparatus plays important role in regulation of _______. when BP decreases in renal corpuscle _______ cells release the enzyme ____ into the blood stream Renin converts ________ to _______ Angiotensin I circulates the body and arrives att capillaries of lungs Angiotensin Converting enzyme (ACE) present in these capillaries converts angiotensin I to _________

Answer 56

BP juxtaglomerular cells ; renin angiotensinogen to angiotensin I angiotensin II

Question 57

Angiotensin II has three major effects:

Answer 57

vasoconstriction release of ADH stimulates release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption and secretion of K+ within the DCT and collecting ducts which allows more water to be reabsorbed increasing volume and pressure overal effect: increases BP

Question 58

The kidneys regulate acid-base balance by secreting _____ions and reabsorbing _____ ions. Normal urine pH levels are ______. _____pH contributes to formation of kiney stones.

Answer 58

hydrogen; bicarbonate 6.5-7.5 acidic

Question 59

Urinalysis glucose test identifies the presence of glucose using _____ regent. Urine sample changes color to _____ if there is glucose present and stays ____ if there is none. The structure that doesn't work properly if there is glucosuria is ________. What causes glucosaria is _____ or _____.

Answer 59

Benedict's red; blue PCT diabetes or high sugar diets

Question 60

Urinalysis protein test identifies the presence of proteinic urine using ____ reagent. Initially urine sample is clear with the reagent and turns _____ if there are proteins present. Negative result is ____ or _____. The structure that is not working properly if there is proteinuria is ____. What causes proteinuria is____

Answer 60

biuret's purple blue or clear glomerulus high protein diet

Question 61

Explain the Bohr effect If graph shifts to the left then there is _____Hb-O2 affinity this _______ Co2 and _______ pH. If graph shifts right this ____ the Hb-O2 affinity, this ______ CO2 and _____ pH.

Answer 61

if CO2 increases in blood this lowers blood pH and O2 has less affinity for hemoglobin higher; lowers; higher lower; higher; lower

Question 62

Acid-base balance Major mechanisms for controlling blood pH:

Answer 62

buffer systems; quick but temporary hydrogen bonds to bicarbonate to form carbonic acid, this dissociates into co2 and H2o elimated by lungs ;increasing pH exhalation of CO2: Increase in breathing releases excess co2 which reduces carbonic acid levels increasing pH Kidney excretion of H+ slowest mechanism only way to eliminate acids other than carbonic acid increases pH

Question 63

Type I vs Type II diabetes

Answer 63

I- 5 % , beta cells cannot produce insulin, usually in teens and children II- 90%, adults over 40, cells do not use insulin well(insulin resistance) or insulin deficiency

Question 64

We need ___ so that our cells uptake glucose. We start metabolizing the storage of ____ to get energy in absence of glucose. This will lead to increased concentration of ____ in blood (____) and urine (______). After this the body will break down _____ if needed.

Answer 64

insulin lipids ketone bodies; ketosis; ketonuria proteins