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Anatomy And Physiology 2 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system

A
  • gas exchange surface between air and blood
  • move air to and from lungs
  • protect respiratory surfaces from outside environments
  • sound
  • ppt in olfactory sense
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2
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract

A

Nose
Nasal cavity
Sinuses
Pharynx

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3
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory system

A

Larynx
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchioles
Alveoli

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4
Q

How many times do the airways branch off down the bronchial tree

A

23

Each airway gives rise to two daughter airways

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5
Q

How far down the bronchial tree do alveoli appear

A

From branch 17

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6
Q

From what point is the whole airway alioli

A

From branch 20 onwards

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7
Q

Which lung is bigger

A

Right lung due to heart

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8
Q

How do the right and left lungs differ

A

Right lung is larger
Has 3 lobes

Left lung has 2 lobes
Cardiac knock to accommodate pericardial cavity

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9
Q

What are the features on the lateral surface of the lungs

A

Right:
Apex = top
Superior lobe
Middle lobe
Inferior lobe

Base

Left:
Apex = top
Superior lobe
NO middle
Inferior lobe
Oblique fissure (vertical)
Horizontal fissure (horizontal)
Base

Oblique fissure (vertical)
Horizontal fissure (horizontal)

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10
Q

What is the respiratory mucosa

A

The mucus membrane lining the conducting portion of the respiratory system

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11
Q

What does the respiratory mucosa consist of

A

Epithelial layer
Areolar layer

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12
Q

What is the name of the areolar layer of the respiratory mucosa

A

Lamina propria

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13
Q

How does the lamina propria differ in fit parts of the respiratory system

A

Upper respiratory system:
- contains mucus glands which secrete onto epithelial surfaces

Conducting portions of lower:
- contains smooth muscle
- at the bronchioles this forms circles around the lumen

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14
Q

How does the structure of respiratory epithelium change along the respiratory tract

A

Nasal cavity/superior pharynx:
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar with mucus cells

Inferior pharynx:
- stratified squamous

Superior portion of lower respiratory system:
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Smaller bronchioles:
- cuboidal epithelia with scattered cilia

Alveoli:
Simple squamous

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15
Q

What happens when things get trapped in mucus

A

Move upwards

Mucocillary escalator

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16
Q

Explain the passageway of air through the nose

A
  1. External nares (nostrils)
  2. Nasal vestibule (open space)
  3. Nasal meatuses; superior, middle, inferior (grooves between nasal conchae)
  4. Hard palate
  5. Soft palate
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17
Q

What does the hard palate firm

A

Floor of nasal cavity, separates from oral cavity

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18
Q

What does the soft palate do

A

Extends posterior to hard plate

Divides superior nasopharynx from lower pharynx a

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19
Q

What do the nasal measuses do

A

Warming and humidity

Swirling causes particles to touch mucus

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20
Q

What are the tree divisions of the pharynx

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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21
Q

What prevents food and liquid entering lower respiratory tract

A

Epiglottis

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22
Q

What is the epiglottis

A

Cartilage flap superior to the glottis

During swallowing, fold over the glottis to prevent entry

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23
Q

What is the larynx

A

Cartilage flap that surrounds the glottis

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24
Q

What controls sound variations

A

Larynx, change tension in cartilage

Tension on vocal folds

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25
What produces sound
Air passing through glottis Vibrates vocal folds Produces sound waves
26
What are the two elements of speech
Phonation - sound produced at larynx Articulation- modification of sound by other structures
27
Where does the trachea sit in relation to oesophagus
Oesophagus behind
28
What are the C shaped structures surrounding the trachea
Tracheal cartilages, strengthen but allow flexibility, protect
29
What is at the back of the trachea before the oesophageal
Trachialis muscle, can contract and constrict to expel air more forcefully
30
What is the mediastinum
Area in middle of thoracic cavity between right and left pleural sacks
31
What separates the right and left bronchi
Internal ridge called the carina
32
What are the differences between the right and left primary bronchi
Right: Larger, has to supply a larger lung and descends at a smaller angle
33
Where does each primary bronchus go
To grooves called the hilums on medial surfaces of the lungs
34
What are extra pulmonary and infra pulmonary bronchitis
Extra pulmonary- outside lungs, the primary bronchitis Infra pulmonary- inside the lungs
35
Explain the branching of bronchi
Primary branch to secondary (Lobar bronchi) - one goes to each lobe, right has 3, left 2 Secondary branch to tertiary (Segmental) - supplies air to single bronchopulmonary segment Right 10 Left 8/9
36
What happens to cartilage down the bronchial tree
Less cartilage, more smooth muscle More smooth muscle = more control on restriction of airflow
37
How many bronchioles does one tertiary bronchi branch to
6500
38
Explain bronchiole structure
No cartilage, dominated by smooth muscle Autonomic control regulates smooth muscle, control airflow and distribution of air in lungs
39
Explain autonomic control of bronchiole
Sympathetic stimulation; Bronchodilation Parasympathetic stimulation: (Or histamine release, allergies) Bronchoconstriction
40
What is external respiration
All processes exchanging gas with the environment - pulmonary ventilation - Gas diffusion - storage and transport of gas - the exchange of dissolved gas
41
What is internal respiration
Involved the uptake of o2 and production of co2 within cells
42
What is pulmonary ventilation
The physical movement of air in and out of the respiratory tract Provides alveolar ventilation “” the alveoli
43
What is boyles law
Defines the relationship between gas pressure and volume Pressure = 1/volume Pressure and volume are inversely proportionate In a contained gas, external pressure forces molecules closer, movement of molecules exerts pressure on the container
44
What is intrapulmonary pressure
The pressure inside the respiratory tract, at the alveoli
45
What is intrapleural pressure
The pressure in the space between parietal and visceral plurae
46
What controls mechanics of breathing
Rcc in medulla oblongata = contraction of diaphragm and intercostals
47
Explain the mechanics of breathing during inspiration at rest
Diaphragm contracts and moves down Lower ribs rotate down horizontal plane (1cm at rest) External intercostals also move ribs up and out
48
Explain the mechanics of breathing during expiration at rest
Passive Diaphragm and external intercostals relax Elastic recoil
49
Explain active respiration mechanics of breathing
50
Explain the role of surfactant
Thin film of liquid lining the alveoli Surface tension of this liquid causes passive recoil of alveoli Due to attractions between liquid particles, pull back together
51
What muscles contract during active inspiration
Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes Pectoralis minor External intercostals Diaphragm
52
What muscles contract during active expiration
Internal intercostals Rectus abdominals External obliques
53
What is the other name for passive breathing
Eupnea
54
What is the other name for forced breathing
Hyperpnea
55
What is the equation for minute ventilation
The amount of air moved each minute VE = F x VT F(frequency breath/min) VT (tidal volume)
56
What is the equation for alveolar ventilation
The volume of air moved minus the air that dosent make it to the alveoli VA = F x (VT - VD) VD( dead anatomical space)
57
What is FVC
Forced vital capacity How much air can you get out from maximal expiration
58
What is FEV1
FVC in 1 second
59
What is forced expiratory ratio
FEV1/FVC
60
What is the comp of air at sea level
78.6 O 20.9 Co 0.04 Water vapour 0.05

Anatomy And Physiology 2 (8 decks)

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