RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
respiratory system is also known as
A
breathing system/external system/respiration/ventilation
2
Q
lungs extract _______ from air and remove ______ from the blood
A
O2
CO2
3
Q
what is the respiratory surface in human lungs?
A
alveoli
4
Q
what are the four characteristics of alveoli which make it a good respiratory surface?
A
thin, moist, large surface area, highly vascularized
5
Q
what is a respiratory surface?
A
through which gases exchange with blood
6
Q
respiratory system is divided into 2, which are
A
upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract
7
Q
the upper respiratory surface consist of
A
nose and pharynx
8
Q
lower respiratory tract consists of
A
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs
9
Q
which is the only visible part of respiratory system
A
nose
10
Q
nose is made up of
A
fatty tissues, cartilage and bone
11
Q
what are the four components of nose?
A
hair, cilia, mucus, blood vessels
12
Q
the function of hair and cilia is
A
filtration
13
Q
what is the function of blood vessels in nose
A
maintain temperature at 30°C
14
Q
function of mucus in nose is
A
moisturize and it is a physical barrier
15
Q
nasal cavity is divided into two cavities by the
A
nasal septum
16
Q
what are the openings of nose
A
external and internal nostrils
16
Q
how many turbinates are present in nose
A
6
17
Q
each nasal cavity is divided into how many passage ways
A
3
18
Q
the passage ways of nose are called
A
turbinate
19
Q
pharynx is exceptionally made up of
A
skeletal muscles
20
Q
pharynx is a ________ path
A
muscular
21
Q
pharynx is a common pathway for
A
food and air
22
Q
how many parts of pharynx are there?
A
3
23
Q
name the parts of pharynx
A
oropharynx
nasopharynx
hypopharynx/lyrengopharyx
24
the larynx is also called
voice box
25
how many vocal chords are present in the larynx
two pairs of vocal chords
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what are vocal chords?
fibrous bands which stretch to vibrate when air passes through and make sounds
27
how many vocal chords are functional
only one is functional
27
words are formed by
movement of lips and teeth
28
sound is made by
vocal chords of larynx
29
the outer side of the larynx is made up of
cartilage plates
it is an exoskeleton of cartilage plates
30
how many cartilage plates are present in exoskeleton of larynx
9
31
the front set of cartilage plates is known as
thyroid cartilage
32
the Adam's apple is made by
the thyroid cartilage of larynx
33
the cartilage plants start transforming into bones after how many number of plates
12
34
the location of trachea
ventral to esophagus
35
the trachea starts from the ______ and ends in the
pharynx
5th intervertebral space
36
the trachea is _______ long
12 cm
37
the diameter of trachea is
10-12 nm
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the trachea is made up of how many cartilage rings?
10-12
39
from trachea, the pathway continues to
primary bronchioles
39
how many lobes are present in the left lung
2
40
how many lobes are present in right lung
3 lobes
41
the cartilage plates and rings are there to prevent
collapse
41
what are the 3 lobes of right lung
anterior, medial, posterior
42
which of the two is flexible?
cartilage rings or cartilage plates
cartilage rings
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which is the following is non flexible
cartilage rings / cartilage plates
cartilage plates
44
how many secondary bronchioles are present in the lungs?
5, 3 in right lung and 2 in left lung
45
how many primary bronchi are there in lungs?
2, for each lung
46
from lungs, the passage way continues to
secondary bronchioles
47
from secondary bronchiole, passageway continues to
tertiary bronchi
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from tertiary bronchi, passageway continues to
terminal bronchioles
48
from terminal bronchioles, passageway continues to
respiratory bronchioles
49
from alveolar duct, passageway continues to
alveoli and ends here
50
from respiratory bronchioles, passageway continues to
alveolar duct
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what is the functional unit of lungs?
air sac
52
the structural unit of lung is
alveoli
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the air sac consists of
alveoli and alveolar duct
54
chemically, mucin is a
glycoprotein
55
mucus contains a protein knowns as
mucin
56
mucus is released by
mucus cells knows as goblet cells
57
which components of the lower respiratory tract contain both mucus and cilia ?
trachea
primary bronchioles
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
terminal bronchi
58
which component(s) of the lower respiratory tract contains mucus only
respiratory bronchioles
59
the alveolar wall is made up of
elastin and collagen protein
60
the protein components of the alveolar wall prevent
the walls from collapsing
61
the amount of alveoli in one lung only is
350 million
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both lungs contain over _______ alveoli
700 million
63
the intercostal muscles are
paired muscles
64
the outer intercostal muscles (ICM) and inner intercostal muscles(ICM) work
antagonistically
64
in normal breathing, which intercostal muscles are involved ?
only outer
65
when diaphragm contracts, it becomes
Less dome shaped
66
when diaphragm is relaxed, it is
More dome shaped
67
during contracted state of intercostal muscles, the chest is ______ and the volume of chest cavity ___________
uplifted
increases
68
in the relaxed state of intercostal muscles, the chest is ________ and the volume of chest cavity ___________
down
decreases
69
inhalation is also known as
inspiration
70
exhalation is also knows as
expiration
71
during inhalation, the diaphragm is
contracted
72
during inhalation, intercostal muscles is
contracted
73
when the diaphragm contracts, the volume of chest cavity
increases
74
when the volume of chest cavity increases, the pressure on lungs
decreases
75
inhalation is an _______ process
active
76
exhalation is a _________ process
passive
77
during exhalation, the diaphragm
relaxes
78
during exhalation, the intercostal muscles
relax
79
when diaphragm contracts, the volume of chest cavity
decreases
79
when the volume of chest cavity decreases, the pressure on lungs
increases
80
when the pressure on lungs increases, the air moves
outside
81
when the pressure on lungs decreases, the air moves
inside
82
which part of brain controls unconscious breathing ?
medulla
82
which part of brain controls conscious breathing ?
cerebral cortex
83
the breathing center of the body is
medulla
84
which part of medulla is inspiratory centre?
ventral
85
which part of medulla inhibits inspiration?
dorsal and lateral
86
which part of medulla is the expiratory center?
dorsal and lateral
87
what is the stimulus for controlling breathing rate?
CO2
88
during emotional breathing, which part of limbic system controls breathing?
amygdala
89
97% of oxygen transport is performed by
oxyhemoglobin
90
3% of oxygen transport is performed by
plasma
91
oxygen binds with ______ in the hem group of hemoglobin
iron
92
maximum oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is
20 ml O2 per 100 ml of blood
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at which partial pressure, oxygen saturation is 100%
100mmHg
94
at which partial pressure is the oxygen saturation 97%
95mmHg
95
normal oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is
19.6 ml of O2 per 100ml of blood
96
partial pressure of 100mmHg is present in
lungs
97
95mmHg partial pressure is present in
arteries of lungs
98
the partial pressure of 60mmHg is present in
veins
99
the lowest level of oxygen saturation is
75%
100
the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin of veins is
14.6 ml
101
how many grams of hemoglobin are present in 100 ml of blood
15
101
at which partial pressure, oxygen saturation is 70%
60mmHg
101
for the purpose of oxygenation of tissues, how much oxygen is carried by hemoglobin
5ml of O2 per 100 ml of blood
102
the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is __________ proportional to temperature
inversely
102
the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is ________ proportional to conc. of O2
directly
103
the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is ________ proportional to conc. of CO2
inversely
104
the oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin is ____________ proportional to pH
directly
105
70% transport of CO2 is performed by
bicarbonates
106
23% of transport of CO2 is performed by
carboxyhemoglobin
107
7% of transport of CO2 is performed by
blood plasma
108
to which part of hemoglobin does O2 & CO bind with
hem group of hemoglobin
109
CO2 binds with ______ part of hemoglobin
globin
110
what is the order of affinity with hemoglobin for oxygen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
CO > O2 > CO2
111
hemoglobin binds with CO2 to form
carbaminohemoglobin
112
hemoglobin binds with CO to form
carboxyhemoglobin
113
hemoglobin and myoglobin are _________ proteins.
A. glycoprotein
B. fibrous
C. globular
D. none of the above
globular
114
hemoglobin releases oxygen in blood at _____ mmHg
60mmHg
115
myoglobin releases oxygen in muscles at _____ mmHg
20 mmHg
115
how many polypeptide chains does hemoglobin contain?
4
116
how many polypeptide chains does myoglobin contain
1
117
how many hem group(s) does hemoglobin contain?
4
118
how many hem group(s) does myoglobin contain?
1
119
hemoglobin ______ oxygen
A. stores
B. transports
C. synthesis
transports
120
myoglobin ______ oxygen
A. stores
B. transports
C. synthesis
stores
121
how many iron molecules does hemoglobin contain?
4
122
how many iron molecules does myoglobin contain?
1
123
hemoglobin has a _______ structure
A. primary
B. secondary
C. tertiary
D. quaternary
quaternary
124
myoglobin has a ______ structure
A. primary
B. secondary
C. tertiary
D. quaternary
tertiary
125
which of the two has more affinity with oxygen?
hemoglobin or myoglobin
hemoglobin
126
how many oxygen molecules can hemoglobin carry
4
127
how many oxygen molecules can myoglobin carry
1
128
how many atoms of oxygen can hemoglobin carry
8
129
how many atoms of oxygen can myoglobin carry
2
130
how many amino acids are present in hemoglobin
574
131
how many amino acids are present in myoglobin
153
132
total respiratory volume is
5800 ml
133
what is the inspiratory lung capacity?
3500ml
134
define inspiratory reserve volume.
the amount of air a person can inhale forcefully after normal tidal volume inspiration
135
what is the amount of inspiratory reserve volume?
3000ml
136
define tidal volume.
the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle
137
what is the amount of tidal volume?
500 ml
138
what is expiratory reserve volume?
the maximum amount of air we can forcefully exhale after normal expiration
139
what is the amount of expiratory reserve volume?
1100 ml
140
what is the amount of residual volume?
1200ml
140
what is vital lung capacity ?
4600 ml
140
what is the total lung capacity?
5800 ml
141
how many membranes does O2 have to pass through before reaching hemoglobin?
5
142
What is alveolar surfactant?
It is a mixture of lipoprotein produced by alveolar epithelium
143
What are the functions of alveolar surfactant?
Lubricates to decrease surface tension to prevent collapse and sticking of alveolar surface
Improves gas exchange
Acts as an antiseptic
144
What is the disorder related to absence of enough alveolar surfactant?
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature babies. The baby is unable to breath normally and needs extra oxygen and help breathing
145
Chest cavity is bounded from the sides by
Ribs and muscles
146
In humans the nasal cavities are lined with
Ciliated epithelium
147
What is the opening of larynx called?
Glottis
148
When the smaller bronchi attain a diameter of one mm or less, they are called
Bronchioles
149
What events happen in muscular activity?
More CO2 is liberated
More oxygen delivery to muscles
Temperature increases
HbO2 is disassociated
150
The types of muscles present in bronchioles are
Circular smooth muscles
151
Which enzyme is essential for the transport of CO2 as bicarbonate in blood plasma
Carbonic anhydrase
152
The amount of CO2 present in oxygenated blood is
50 ml per 100 ml blood
153
The amount of CO2 present in deoxygenated blood is
54 ml per 100 ml blood
154
The number of ferrous ions present in one molecule of hemoglobin:
4
155
Human lungs are ______ in nature
Spongy
156
Human lungs are present in
Thoracic cavity
157
Human lungs are covered with
Double layered pleura
158
Exchange of gases during organismic respiration is always through
Diffusion
159
Decreases partial pressure in arterial blood plays an important stimulatory role in increasing breathing rate during
Shock
160
Stimulus for increasing breathing rate during exercise is
CO2
161
partial pressure of O2 in alveolar air
104mmHg
162
partial pressure of O2 in deoxygenated blood
40mmHg
163
partial pressure of O2 in blood
95mmHg
164
Lungs do not collapse between breaths and some air always remains in the lungs which can never be expelled because
there is a negative intrapleural pressure pulling at the lung walls
165
what is intrapleural pressure
intrapleural pressure is the pressure of air within the pleural cavity which is always negative
166
negative intrapleural pressure is due to
three factors; surface tension of alveolar fluid, elasticity of lungs, elasticity of thoracic wall
166
asthma may be attributed to
allergy of the mast cells
167
Name the chronic respiratory disorder caused mainly by cigarette smoking.
emphysema
168
People who have migrated from the planes to a higher altitude area about six months back:
Have more RBCs and their hemoglobin has a lower binding affinity to O2
168
what is asthma
Asthma is an allergic condition in which the tissue surrounding the bronchioles of the lungs swell up and compress the bronchioles thus causing difficulty in breathing. This allergy mainly involves IgE antibodies and chemicals like histamine and serotonin from the mast cells.
169
A large proportion of oxygen remains unused in the human blood even after its uptake by the body tissues. This O2 _____.
Acts as a reserve during muscular exercise
170
what is diaphragmatic breathing
conscious breathing in which one breathes only with diaphragm without moving the ribs at all
171
The haemoglobin of a human foetus
has a higher affinity for oxygen that that of an adult
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