Respiratory System

Question 1

The respiratory system is divided into three parts:

Answer 1

1- series of conducting tubes
2-muscles of respiration(diaphragm,intercostal)
3- the lungs

Question 2

Respiratory System Function:

Answer 2

1) Gas exchange.
2) Creating Sounds.
3) Olfactory Senses.
4) Immunity.
5) The cells of the respiratory tract make incoming air warm and moist,
6) Epithelial cells of the lung produce surfactant that makes the process of inhalation and exhalation easier.

Question 3

Making noises is called______

Answer 3

phonation

Question 4

Structures of the upper respiratory tract, especially the __________, are involved in the production of sound and can modulate pitch, volume, and clarity.

Answer 4

larynx

Question 5

Epithelial cells in the airway can secrete ____________, ___________ and __________ and _________, as well as small oxidative molecules that hamper pathogenic colonization.

Answer 5

can secrete antibodies, defensins and various enzymes and peptides,

Question 6

Goals of respiration are:

Answer 6

To provide oxygen to the tissues and to remove carbon dioxide.

Question 7

Respiration can be
divided into major functions:
four

Answer 7

1) Pulmonary ventilation:
2) Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide
3) Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
4) Regulation of ventilation and other facets of respiration

Question 8

Normal quiet breathing is accomplished almost entirely by the first method; by movement of the ___________.

Answer 8

diaphragm

Question 9

Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation:

Answer 9

1) Downward and upward movement of the diaphragm to lengthen or shorten the chest cavity.
(2) Elevation and depression of the ribs to increase and decrease the antero- posterior diameter of the chest cavity.

Question 10

the antero- posterior thickness of the chest about _____% greater during maximum inspiration than during expiration.

Answer 10

20

Question 11

All the muscles that elevate the chest cage are classified as ____________________, and those muscles that depress the chest cage are classified as ___________________.

Answer 11

muscles of inspiration

muscles of expiration

Question 12

________is an elastic structure that collapses like a balloon and expels all its air through the trachea whenever there is no force to keep it inflated.

Answer 12

The lung

Question 13

The lung “________” in the thoracic cavity.

Answer 13

Floats

Question 14

The lung surrounded by a thin layer of ___________________that lubricates movement of the lungs within the cavity.

Answer 14

pleural fluid

Question 15

The normal pleural pressure at the beginning of inspiration is about (_______centimeters of water)

Answer 15

( –5 centimeters of water)

Question 16

during normal inspiration, expansion of the chest cage pulls outward on the lungs with greater force and creates more negative pressure, to an average of about (______centimeters of water)

Answer 16

(–7.5 centimeters of water)

Question 17

There is increasing negativity of the pleural pressure __________during inspiration.

Answer 17

from –5 to –7.5

Question 18

___________is the pressure of the air inside the lung alveoli.

Answer 18

Alveolar pressure

Question 19

This slight negative pressure is enough to pull _____ liter of air into the lungs in the _______ required for normal quiet inspiration.

Answer 19

0.5
2 seconds

Question 20

The work of inspiration can be divided into three fractions:

Answer 20

1- compliance work or elastic work.
2- tissue resistance work.
3- airway resistance work.

Question 21

The work That required to expand the lungs against the lung and chest elastic forces, called_________

Answer 21

compliance work or elastic work.

Question 22

The work That required to overcome the viscosity of the lung and chest wall structures, called_________

Answer 22

tissue resistance work.

Question 23

The work That required to overcome airway resistance to movement of air into the lungs, called________

Answer 23

airway resistance work.

Question 24

During normal quiet respiration, only _______% of the total energy expended by the body is required for pulmonary ventilation

Answer 24

3 - 5 %

Question 25

Therefore, one of the major limitations on the intensity of exercise that can be performed is the person’s ability to; ___________________ for the respiratory process alone.

Answer 25

provide enough muscle energy

Question 26

Pulmonary Volumes:

Answer 26

1. The tidal volume. 2. The inspiratory reserve volume. 3. The expiratory reserve volume . 4. The residual volume.

Question 27

The tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal breath; it’s amounts; _________________ in the adult male.

Answer 27

(500 milliliters )

Question 28

The inspiratory reserve volume is the extra volume of air that can be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume when the person inspires with full force; it is usually equal to about_________________.

Answer 28

( 3000 milliliters ).

Question 29

The expiratory reserve volume is the maximum extra volume of air that can be expired by forceful expiration after the end of a normal tidal expiration; this normally amounts to about ____________.

Answer 29

(1100 milliliters ).

Question 30

The residual volume is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after the most forceful expiration; this volume averages about _____________.

Answer 30

(1200 milliliters ).

Question 31

Pulmonary Capacities :

Answer 31

1. The inspiratory capacity 2.The functional residual capacity 3. The vital capacity 4. The total lung capacity

Question 32

All pulmonary volumes and capacities are about[ 20 to 25 ]per cent less in women than in men, and they are greater in large and athletic people than in small and asthenic people. T/F

Answer 32

T

Question 33

Physical Principles of Gas Exchange:

Answer 33

1) Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the pulmonary blood. 2) Diffusion of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction, out of the blood.

Question 34

Other factors affect the rate of gas diffusion in a fluid:

Answer 34

1) Solubility of the gas in the fluid. (2) Cross - sectional area of the fluid. (3) Distance through which the gas must diffuse. (4) Molecular weight of the gas. (5) Temperature of the fluid.

Question 35

There are about__________ alveoli in the two lungs, and each alveolus has an average diameter of about ____________.

Answer 35

300 million 0.2 millimeter

Question 36

Layers of the respiratory membrane: 6

Answer 36

1- fluid and surfactant 2- alveolar epithelium 3- epithelial basement membrane 4- interstitial space 5- capillary basement membrane 6- capillary endothelial membrane

Question 37

The thickness of the respiratory membrane in some areas is as little as ________, and it averages about _______.

Answer 37

0.2μm 0.6 μm

Question 38

The total surface area of the respiratory membrane is about _________, in the normal adult male.

Answer 38

70 m2

Question 39

The total quantity of blood in the capillaries of the lungs at any given instant is ________.

Answer 39

60-140 ml.

Question 40

The average diameter of the pulmonary capillaries is only about _________ which means that red blood cells must ___________through them.

Answer 40

5μm squeeze Red blood diameter 8 μm

Question 41

Factors that affect the rate of gas diffusion through the respiratory membrane:

Answer 41

(1) The thickness of the membrane. (2) The surface area of the membrane. (3) The diffusion coefficient of the gas in the substance of the membrane. (4) The partial pressure difference of the gas between the two sides of the membrane.

Question 42

The respiratory center is composed of:

Answer 42

(1) A dorsal respiratory group (2) A ventral respiratory group (3) The pneumotaxic center

Question 43

The respiratory activity is highly responsive to changes in each of the ______, _______, and _____ ions.

Answer 43

O2 CO2 H+

Question 44

Excess CO2 or excess H+ ions in the blood mainly act directly on the ___________________.

Answer 44

respiratory center.