Respiratory System Flashcards
(42 cards)
Upper respiratory system
Above larynx
Lower respiratory system
Below the larynx (includes larynx)
Conducting portion
Nasal cavity➡️terminal bronchioles
Respiratory portion
Respiratory bronchioles➡️alveoli
Alveoli
Air-filled pockets w/in lung
-where most gas exchange takes place
Type 1 cells
large, thin, flat cells that cover the majority of the alveolar surface and are primarily responsible for gas exchange in the lungs by forming the air-blood barrier
Simple squamous
Type 2 cells
cuboidal epithelial cells primarily responsible for producing and secreting pulmonary surfactant, a substance that prevents the alveoli from collapsing by reducing surface tension; they also act as progenitor cells for repairing damaged alveolar epithelium by differentiating into type 1 alveolar cells when needed
The nose
Air enter respiratory system:
-through the nostrils (external nares)
-into nasal vestibule
Nasal hairs:
-in nasal vestibule
-first particle filtration system
Pharynx
■ A chamber shared by digestive and respiratory systems
■ Extends from internal nares to entrances to larynx and esophagus
Components of respiratory defense system
-goblet cells and mucosa cells:
-produce mucus that bathes exposed surfaces
-cilia
-sweep debris trapped in mucus toward pharynx
-results: moving carpet of mucus (mucus escalator)➡️particles removed
3 cartilages of the larynx
1) thyroid
2) cricoid
3) epiglottis
Thyroid cartilage
■ with laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
■ Is a hyaline cartilage
■ Forms anterior and lateral walls of larynx
■ Ligaments attach to hyoid bone, epiglottis, and laryngeal cartilages
-Protects vocal cords
-help create sound
Cricoid cartilage
■ Is a hyaline cartilage
■ Form posterior portion of larynx
■ Ligaments attach to first tracheal cartilage
■ Articulates with arytenoid cartilages
maintain the patency of the airway by providing a stable structure within the larynx, serving as an attachment point for muscles that control the opening and closing of the vocal cords
Epiglottis
■ Composed of elastic cartilage
■ Ligaments attach to thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone
■ covered in taste bud-containing mucosa
Trachea
■ Also called the windpipe
■ Extends from the cricoid cartilage into mediastinum
■ where it branches into right and left pulmonary bronchi
Primary bronchi
■ Right and left primary bronchi:
■ separated by an (the carina)
Branching bronchial tree
Trachea➡️ primary brochi➡️ secondary bronchi ➡️ tertiary bronchi ➡️ bronchioles ➡️terminal bronchioles
Primary bronchi goes to
Lungs
Secondary bronchioles goes to
Lobes
3 parts of respiratory membrane
- Squamous epithelial lining of alveolus (Type 1 cells)
- Endothelial cells lining an adjacent capillary
- Fused basal laminae between alveolar and endothelial cells
Pulmonary ventilation
-physical movement of air in and out of respiratory tract
-provided alveolar ventilation
-boyles law: ⬆️volume of cavity➡️⬇️pressure➡️pulls air in from high pressure to low pressure
-contraction and ⬇️volume (size) of cavity➡️⬆️pressure➡️pushes air to area of lower pressure
Boyles law
In contained gas
-external pressure forces molecules closer together
-movement of gas molecules exerts pressure on container
Intrapulmonary pressure
■ Also called intra-alveolar pressure
■ Is relative to Patm
■ In relaxed breathing, the difference between Patm and intrapulmonary pressure is small:
■ about —1 mm Hg on inhalation or +1 mm Hg on expiration
Maximum intrapulmonary pressure
■ Maximum straining by exhaling forcibly , a dangerous activity, can increase significantly:
■ from —30 mm Hg to +100 mm Hg
■ Straining by exhaling forcibly against a closed glottis (aka the Valsalva maneuver) - exhale while lifting)
