Lymphatic System Flashcards

Question

Active immunity

Answer 1

Produced by antibodies that develop in response to antigens (immune response)

Answer 2

Develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease

Answer 3

Develops after export antigens in environment

Answer 4

Produced by transfer of antibodies from another person

Answer 5

Conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in breast milk

Answer 6

Conferred by admin of antibodies to combat infection

Answer 7

While antibodies are part of the adaptive immune system (acquired immunity), the complement system itself is a set of proteins that can be activated directly by pathogens without the need for specific antibody recognition, making it a key component of the innate immune response.

Answer 8

When you are exposed to something from outside the body, and it activates T cells and B cells Responds to specific antigens With coordinated action of T cells and B cells

Answer 9

An antigen is a substance that signals the immune system to determine if something in the body is harmful. Antigens can be found on bacteria, viruses, tumors, and even normal cells Collection of antigenic determinants or epitopes (specific region of an antigen that the immune system recognizes) -each epitope ➕ development of T cell and B cells

Answer 10

■ Responsible for activating T cells against foreign cells and proteins ■ Located in places where antigens are likely to enter the body ■ Can take in antigens by pino- or phagocytosis ■ After processing antigens - migrate to lymph nodes via lymph vessels Dendritic cells, B cells, macrophages

Answer 11

Antigens that are unable to trigger an immune response on their own are called incomplete antigens or haptens Must attach to a carrier molecule to act as a complete antigen

Answer 12

Autoimmune disease and allergy

Answer 13

substance that can both trigger an immune response and react with the products of that response ■ Has 2 antigenic determinant sites ■ Binds to both of antigen binding sites of variable segments of antibody

Answer 14

Membrane proteins that bind to antigens ■ The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are nprotein molecules (self-antigens) on surface of cells not antigenic to self but antigenic to others in transfusions or grafts ■ Self identifiers ■ Genetically coded in chromosome 6: ■ differs among all individuals except identical twins ■ Also called HLA – Human Leukocyte Antigens

Answer 15

■ Class I: ■ found in membranes of all nucleated cells ■ Reason for rejection of transplanted organs ■ Class II: ■ found in membranes of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) ■ Including macrophages, dendritic cells ■ Also found on B cells

Answer 16

All cells ■ Pick up small peptides in cell and carry them to the surface ■ T cells ignore normal peptides ■ abnormal peptides or viral proteins activate T cells to destroy cell (Hey, come kill me!)

Answer 17

Only on immune cells- antigen presenting cells ■ Antigenic fragments: (Present only in lymphs) ■ from antigenic processing of pathogens ■ bind to Class II proteins ■ inserted in cell membrane to stimulate naive T cells (sick-em Boys)

Answer 18

“Cluster differentiation makers” -T cell membranes -molecular mechanism of antigen recognition.

Answer 19

On cells that are going to become helper T cells or suppressor cells

Answer 20

On cells that become cytotoxic T cells

Answer 21

-require helper T cells -bind directly to infected cells ■ Activated by exposure to antigens on MHC 1 proteins presented by infected cells or APCs (dendritic cells)

Answer 22

process in the immune system that occurs when a T cell binds to a foreign peptide or mutant peptide on a diseased cell

Answer 23

-recognize something in environment- recognizes -require helper T cells -naive B cell require antigen binding B cell -(become plasma cells) make antibodies only after helper T cells comes in -

Answer 24

■ Type I: ■ immediate hypersensitivity ■ Type II: ■ cytotoxic reactions ■ Type III: ■ immune complex disorders ■ Type IV: ■ delayed hypersensitivity

Answer 25

1. Stimulate T cell divisions: ■ produce memory T cells ■ accelerate cytotoxic T cell maturation 2. Attract and stimulate macrophages 3. Attract and stimulate immune cells 4. Promote activation of B cells

Answer 26

Constant segment determines antibody type Variable segments- binding site

Answer 27

■ Largest Ig in size (pentamers) ■ due to its size it is restricted to the blood and cannot cross membranes; ■ excellent Complement (C’) fixer; first to appear in the primary immune response. ■ Includes the blood type agglutinins. ■ Accounts for approximately 5-10% of circulating Ig. ■ Also exists as a monomer which serves as antigen receptor on B cells Clump up blood vessels

Answer 28

■ Smaller Ig and therefore can leave the blood to cross membranes including those of the ■ Excellent C’ fixer - binds C’ aggressively. ■ First to appear in significant quantity in the secondary, anamnestic or booster response ■ includes the antitoxins, accounts for 75-80% of circulating Ig

Answer 29

■ Secretory Ig – Mostly a dimer ■ found in abundance in most bodily secretions including tears, saliva, semen, milk, colostrum, mucus. ■ Attack pathogens before they enter the body (by binding to them on mucosal surfaces- GI, respiratory) ■ Accounts for approximately 10-15% of circulating Ig. ■ Levels decrease during stress

Answer 30

■ Rare Þ 2,000 times less abundant in blood than IgG. ■ Acts as antigen receptor on B cells along with IgM. ■ Function not well understood

Answer 31

■ Found on mast cells and basophils ■ aka Atopic Ab, Skin Sensitizing Ig, Anaphylactic Ab, Allergic Ab, Reaginic Ab ■ Not found in large quantity in the blood because once formed it exits the blood to attach to mast cells in connective tissue ■ Stimulates release of histamine and other chemicals which regulate inflammation ■ It is responsible for all Type-I immediate hypersensitivity reactions including atopy and anaphylaxis.

Answer 32

IgM produced ■ Takes time to develop ■ Antigens activate B cells ■ Plasma cells differentiate ■ Antibody titer (level of Ab activity) slowly rises ■ Peak response: ■ can take 2 weeks to develop ■ declines rapidly ■ IgM: ■ is produced faster than IgG ■ is less effective

Answer 33

IgG antibodies produced- fetal blood response ■ Activates memory B cells: ■ at lower antigen concentrations than original B cells ■ secrete more effective antibodies in higher qualities

Answer 34

- second line of immunity - can protection against same pathogen that is exposure in the last (has memory component) - composed of highly specialized cells and process that eliminate or prevent pathogen growth - response is antigen dependent - lag time between exposure and maximal response - antigen specific - immunologic memory

Answer 35

- first line of immunity against invading organisms - present at birth - called this name because its components treat all foreign substances in the same way - response is antigen independent - immediate maximal response - antigen nonspecific - no immunologic memory

Answer 36

■ Also called immediate hypersensitivity ■ A rapid and severe response to the presence of an antigen ■ Most commonly recognized type of allergy ■ Includes allergic rhinitis (environmental allergies) ■ Affects 15% of the population ■ Sensitization leads to: ■ IL-4 secreted by TH cells stimulating B cells ■ production of large quantities of IgE antibodies ■ distributed throughout the body where they bind to the membranes of mast cells and basophils (Genetic component?) ■ Second exposure leads to: ■ stimulation of these IgE antibodies on the mast cells and basophils ■ massive inflammation of affected tissues ■ due to the release of histamine, prostaglandins and leukotrienes ■ Severity of reaction depends on: ■ individual sensitivity ■ locations involved ■ Allergens in blood stream may cause anaphylaxis

Answer 37

■ Cytotoxic Reactions ■ Mediated by IgG, IgM and Complement (C’) which attack formed elements in the blood ■ Damage is often due to cytolysis and/or attraction of phagocytic cells which release lytic enzymes h ■ Manifestations include: ■ Erythroblastosis fetalis ■ blood transfusion incompatibility reactions ■ Thrombocytopenia

Answer 38

■ Immune Complex Disorders ■ Mediated by IgG or IgM and sometimes complement (C’) ■ Damage is often due small immune complexes which become trapped in the basement membrane of blood vessels ■ cause serious inflammatory responses ■ Manifestations include: ■ Glomerulonephritis – inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys ■ Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - a chronic, inflammatory autoimmune disorder affecting the joints, skin, kidneys and other organs (may also include some Type II characteristics), ■ Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 39

■ Delayed type hypersensitivity- Mediated Immunity (CMI) ■ Occur 12-72 hr after exposure ■ Mediated by T lymphocytes including Cytotoxic T lymphs (TC) and Delayed Hypersensitivity T lymphs (TDh) ■ APCs migrate to lymph nodes and T cells go back to the point of exposure ■ Damage is due to lymphokines produced and secreted by T lymphs. Host mast cells may be destroyed, thus inducing inflammation. ■ Manifestations include: ■ Graft/Tissue rejection ■ Allergic Contact Dermatitides (ACDs) ■ Tuberculosis

Lymphatic System Flashcards

(63 cards)