Respiratory System

Question 1

to supply the body tissues with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide generated by cellular metabolism

Answer 1

Respiratory System

Question 2

structures where the gas exchange happens

Answer 2

respiratory zone

Question 2

Site of Gas Exchange
alveoli are tiny, hollow sacs whose open ends are continuous with the lumens of the airways

The total surface area of _______ is very large and this permits the rapid exchange of large quantities of oxygen and carbon dioxide by diffusion

Answer 2

Alveoli

Question 2

The structures that comprise the system are:

Answer 2

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli

Question 2

Respiration is collectively made up of 4 processes:

Answer 2

1. Pulmonary ventilation (breathing)
2. External respiration (movement of O2 from lungs into blood; CO2 from blood to lungs)
3. Transport of respiratory gases in the blood
4. Internal respiration (movement of O2 from blood into tissue cells; CO2 from cells into blood)

Question 2

structures where no gas exchange happens

Answer 2

conducting zone

Question 2

is also known as the “windpipe.” It has 3 layers and the mucosa has the goblet cells and cilia

Answer 2

trachea

Question 2

kills the cilia. So coughing is the only way to keep mucus from accumulating in the lungs

Answer 2

Smoking

Question 2

Alveoli
produce a detergent-like substance called surfactant

Answer 2

Type II alveolar cells

Question 2

In some of the alveolar walls, ____________ permit the flow of air between alveoli

Answer 2

alveolar pores

Question 2

Alveoli
Most of the air-facing surfaces of the wall are lined by a continuous layer, one cell thick, of flat epithelial cells termed

Answer 2

type I alveolar cells

Question 3

covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm

Answer 3

parietal pleura

Question 3

form a thin double-layered serosa

Answer 3

pleurae

Question 3

lives in the pleural cavity. This provides lubrication of the lung to prevent friction while breathing

Answer 3

pleural fluid

Question 3

is an infection or inflammation of the pleura and often results from pneumonia. This results in a roughening of the pleura, which creates friction and a stabbing pain with each breath. As the disease progresses there is a build-up of fluid, which hinders breathing.

Answer 3

Pleurisy

Question 3

Remember that flow is proportional to the pressure difference (Δ P) between two points and inversely proportional to the

Answer 3

resistance (R).

Question 3

covers the external surface of the lung

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visceral pleural

Question 3

__________ the lung compliance, the easier it is to expand the lungs at any given change in transpulmonary pressure

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greater

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is defined as the exchange of air between the atmosphere and alveoli

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Ventilation

Question 3

flow formula

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F= ΔP/R

Question 3

The respiratory pressuresare always relative to

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atmospheric pressure

Question 3

Intrapleural Pressure fluctuates with breathing, but it is always less ___________ than Palv.

Answer 3

4 mm Hg

Question 3

IF THE Pip EVER = to Ppul THE LUNGS WILL

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IMMEDIATELY COLLAPSE!

Question 3

says that at a constant temperature the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume.

Answer 3

Boyle’s law

Question 3

is the pressure in the alveoli It rises and falls with breathing, but it ALWAYS equalizes with the atmospheric pressure

Answer 3

Intrapulmonary Pressure

Question 3

If you were to go to higher altitudes (i.e., up in the Andes Mountains), then the pressures would be different

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the partial pressure of oxygen decreases with increasing altitude

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pressure in the pleural cavity

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Intrapleural Pressure

Question 3

Transpulmonary Pressure formula

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P alv– P ip

Question 3

is the transmural pressure that governs the static properties of the lungs

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Transpulmonary Pressure

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means “across a wall” and is represented by the pressure in the inside of the structure (Pi) minus the pressure outside the structure (PO).

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Transmural

Question 3

considered the inverse of stiffness

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Lung Compliance

Question 3

Inflation of a balloon-like structure like the lungs requires an increase in the transmural pressure such that

Answer 3

Pi increases relative to PO

Question 3

markedly reduces the cohesive forces between water molecules on the alveolar surface. lowers the surface tension, which increases lung compliance and makes it easier to expand the lungs

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Surfactant

Question 3

two major determinants of lung compliance

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1. The stretchability of the lung tissues 2. The surface tension at the air-water interfaces within the alveoli

Question 3

The greatest resistance is found in the ______ sized bronchi.

Answer 3

medium

Question 3

A lack of surfactant is a huge problem for babies

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respiratory distress syndrome

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is caused by destruction and collapse of the smaller airways

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Emphysema

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is normally very small, but changes in airway resistance follow changes in airway radii may change in response to physical, neural, and chemical factors

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Airway resistance

Question 3

disease characterized by intermittent episodes in which airway smooth muscle contracts strongly, markedly increasing airway resistance

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Asthma

Question 3

refers to emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or a combination of the two. These diseases cause severe difficulties not only in ventilation, but in oxygenation of the blood.

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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Question 3

characterized by excessive mucus production in the bronchi and chronic inflammatory changes in the small airways. The cause of obstruction is an accumulation of mucus in the airways and thickening of the inflamed airways.

Answer 3

Chronic bronchitis

Question 4

Other Ventilatory Responses

Answer 4

* Protective reflexes: coughing, sneezing * Voluntary control of breathing: holding your breath, laughing * Reflexes from J receptors

Question 5

is an inadequate oxygen delivery to tissues.

Answer 5

Hypoxia

Question 5

hypoxia poor O2 delivery because of too few RBCs or abnormal hemoglobin.

Answer 5

Anemic hypoxia

Question 6

hypoxia blood circulation is impaired

Answer 6

Ischemic hypoxia

Question 7

hypoxia the body’s cells are unable to use O2 (cyanide causes this).

Answer 7

Histotoxic hypoxia

Question 8

hypoxia reduced arterial O2 (can be caused by lack of oxygenated air, pulmonary problems, lack of ventilation-perfusion coupling).

Answer 8

Hypoxemic hypoxia

Question 9

type of hypoxemic hypoxia. It is the leading cause of death from fire.

Answer 9

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning

Question 10

is an odorless, colorless gas that competes with O2 for the binding sites on the hemoglobin. It has a 200-times greater affinity for hemoglobin than O2 does.

Answer 10

CO