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PHYSIOL > Chapter 06 (part 2) Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 06 (part 2) Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Central nervous system

A

Brain
Spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

Afferent division
Somatic sensory
Visceral sensory
Special sensory

Efferent division
Somatic motor
Autonomic motor
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

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3
Q

Forebrain parts

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Limbic system

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4
Q

main brain

A

Cerebellum
Brainstem
Forebrain

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5
Q

Forebrain
The cerebrum consists of

A

right and left cerebral hemispheres the diencephalon

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6
Q

Each cortex is divided into four lobes:

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
  • Temporal
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6
Q

Forebrain
cerebral hemispheres consist of

A

cerebral cortex
corpus callosum

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7
Q

Forebrain
in the cerebral hemispheres
Outer gray matter composed primarily of cell bodies
Inner layer of white matter composed primarily of myelinated fiber tracts
the integrating area of the nervous system

A

cerebral cortex

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8
Q

Forebrain
in the cerebral hemispheres
a bundle of nerve fibers connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

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9
Q

Two basic types of cells in the human cerebral cortex:

A

Pyramidal cells
Nonpyramidal cells

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9
Q

cortex is highly folded and results in ridges called _______ separated by grooves called sulci

A

gyri and sulci

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9
Q

cortex is highly folded and results in an area ____ larger than it would be if unfolded

A

4x

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10
Q

Two basic types of cells in the human cerebral cortex:

major output cells of the cortex, sending their axons to other parts of the cortex and CNS

A

Pyramidal cells

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11
Q

Two basic types of cells in the human cerebral cortex:

involved in receiving inputs into the cortex and in local processing of information

A

Nonpyramidal cells

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12
Q

Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex

  • groups of gray matter that lie within the cerebral hemispheres
  • Includes the basal nuclei (basal ganglia)
  • important in controlling movement and posture and in more complex aspects of behavior
A

subcortical nuclei

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13
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon parts

A

contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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14
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon
a small mass of tissue that includes the pineal gland, which has a role in regulating biological rhythms

A

epithalamus

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15
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon
- relay stations and important integrating centers for most inputs to the cortex
- plays a role in general arousal
- also is involved in focusing attention

A

thalamus

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16
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon
- form the master command center for neural and endocrine
coordination
- Controls behaviors having to do with preservation of the individual (ex. eating and drinking) and preservation of the species (reproduction)

A

hypothalamus

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17
Q

Forebrain: Diencephalon
hypothalamus connected by a stalk to __________

important endocrine structure

A

pituitary gland

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18
Q

Gray and white matter in the forebrain areas
associated with learning, emotional experience and behavior, and a wide variety of visceral and endocrine functions

A

Limbic System

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19
Q
  • important center for coordinating movements and for controlling posture and balance
  • receives information from the muscles and joints, skin, eyes and ears, viscera, and the parts of the brain involved in control of movement
  • implicated in some forms of learning
A

Cerebellum

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20
Q

nerve fibers that relay signals between the forebrain, cerebellum, and spinal cord pass through the brainstem
receives and integrates input from all regions of the central nervous system and processes a great deal of neural information

A

Brainstem

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21
Q
  • absolutely essential for life
  • neuron cell bodies running through the core of the brainstem
  • involved in motor functions, cardiovascular and respiratory control
    -regulate sleep and wakefulness and
    focus of attention
A

reticular formation

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22
contains nuclei involved in processing information for 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Brainstem and The Cranial Nerves
23
Cranial Nerves Carries input from receptors in olfactory (smell) neuroepithelium
Olfactory
24
Cranial Nerves Carries input from receptors in eye
Optic
25
Cranial Nerves Innervates skeletal muscles that move eyeball up, down, and medially, and raise upper eyelid; innervates smooth muscles that constrict pupil and alter lens shape for near and far vision Transmits information from receptors in muscles
Oculomotor
26
Cranial Nerves Innervates skeletal muscles that move eyeball downward and laterally Transmits information from receptors in muscles
Trochlear
27
Cranial Nerves Innervates skeletal muscles used for chewing Transmits information from receptors in skin; skeletal muscles of face, nose, and mouth; and teeth sockets
Trigeminal
28
Cranial Nerves Innervates skeletal muscles that move eyeball laterally Transmits hearing and balance information from receptors in muscles
Abducens
29
Cranial Nerves Transmits hearing and balance information from receptors in inner ear
Vestibulocochlear
30
Cranial Nerves Innervates skeletal muscles of facial expression and swallowing; innervates nose, palate, and lacrimal and salivary glands Transmits information from taste buds in front of tongue and mouth
Facial
31
Cranial Nerves Innervates skeletal muscles involved in swallowing and parotid salivary gland Transmits information from taste buds at back of tongue and receptors in auditory-tube skin; also transmits information from carotid artery baroreceptors (blood pressure receptors) and from chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood gas levels
Glossopharyngeal
32
Cranial Nerves Innervates skeletal muscles of pharynx and larynx and smooth muscle and glands of thorax and abdomen Transmits information from receptors in thorax and abdomen
Vagus
33
Cranial Nerves Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles in the neck
Accessory
34
Cranial Nerves Innervates skeletal muscles of tongue
Hypoglossal
35
fiber tracts run longitudinally through the cord lies within the bony vertebral column
Spinal Cord
36
butterfly-shaped area composed of interneurons, the cell bodies and dendrites of efferent neurons, the entering axons of afferent neurons, and glial cells
gray matter
37
gray matter projecting toward the back of the body
dorsal horns
38
gray matter oriented toward the front
ventral horns
39
Areas surrounding the gray matter which consists of groups of myelinated axons
white matter
39
Spinal Cord relay information from the brain to the spinal cord
Descending pathway
40
Spinal Cord transmit information to the brain
Ascending pathway
41
Pathways also transmit information between different levels of the spinal cord
true
42
Axons that leave the spinal cord on the ventral side via the ventral roots
efferent neurons
43
- enter the spinal cord from the peripheral nerves enter on the dorsal side of the cord via the dorsal roots - the dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of these afferent neurons
afferent fibers
44
transmit signals between the CNS and receptors or effector organs has 43 pairs of nerves
Peripheral Nervous System
44
Peripheral Nervous System how many pairs of nerves
43
45
the 43 pairs of nerves consists of
12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves cervical (8) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacral (5) coccygeal (1)
46
nerves that contain contain both afferent and efferent fibers
spinal nerves
47
nerves that contain only afferent fibers or only efferent fibers, or both
cranial nerves
48
Peripheral nervous system control the muscles and glands and receive sensory input from the neck, shoulders, arms, and hands
cervical nerves
49
Peripheral nervous system associated with the chest and upper abdomen
thoracic nerves
50
Peripheral nervous system associated with the lower abdomen, hips, and legs
lumbar nerves
51
Peripheral nervous system associated with the genitals and lower digestive tract
sacral nerves
52
Peripheral nervous system associated with the tailbone
coccygeal nerves
53
Divisions of the PNS 1. Consists of a single neuron between central nervous system and skeletal muscle cells 2. Innervates skeletal muscle 3. Can lead only to muscle excitation
Somatic
54
Divisions of the PNS 1. Has two-neuron chain (connected by a synapse) between central nervous system and effector organ 2. Innervates smooth and cardiac muscle, glands, and GI neurons 3. Can be either excitatory or inhibitory
Autonomic
55
Autonomic Nervous System
Enteric nervous system Sympathetic NS Parasympathetic NS
56
Autonomic Nervous System often classified as a subdivision of the autonomic efferent nervous system Specific for the gastrointestinal tract
Enteric nervous system
57
Sympathetic Nervous System "fight or flight"
Sympathetic NS
58
Autonomic Nervous System "rest and digest"
Parasympathetic NS
59
Autonomic Nervous System the thoracolumbar division has short pre-ganglionic and long post-ganglionic synapses
Sympathetic Nervous System
60
Sympathetic Nervous System major neurotransmitters
ACh at the pre-ganglionic synapse usually NE and Epi at the post-ganglionic synapse
61
Autonomic Nervous System recognized nonadrenergic and noncholinergic Such as nitric oxide and other neurotransmitters
postganglionic neurons
62
Autonomic Nervous System on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and gland cells are muscarinic receptors on skeletal muscle fibers, innervated by the somatic motor neurons, are nicotinic receptors
acetylcholine receptors
63
Autonomic Nervous System One set of postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division form it Upon activation, it release a mixture of about 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine into the blood (plus other substances, such as dopamine, ATP, and neuropeptides) More properly called hormones rather than neurotransmitters
Adrenal Medulla
64
Physical Support of the CNS
* Cranium * Vertebrae * Dura mater * Arachnoid mater * Pia mater Cerebrospinal fluid
65
serves to support and to protect the structures of the CNS and PNS
Bone
66
are the membranes that line the structures and add additional support and protection
Meninges
67
Meninges
* Dura mater * Arachnoid mater * Pia mater
67
Meninges * filled with CSF and contains large blood vessels * In the superior sagittal sinus the arachnoid villi absorb the CSF into the venous blood system
Subarachnoid space
68
clear, colorless fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It's produced in the brain's ventricles and flows throughout the central nervous system.
Cerebrospinal fluid
69
If the brain itself is inflamed it is called ___________ diagnosed by examining the CSF obtained via a lumbar puncture
encephalitis
69
Meninges three layers
1. Cover and protect the CNS 2. Protect blood vessels and enclose the venous sinuses 3. Contain cerebrospinal fluid 4. Form partitions in the skull
70
an inflammation of the meninges
Meningitis
70
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) is secreted by ependymal cells of the
choroid plexus
71
the extracellular fluid of the CNS * circulates through the subarachnoid space and ventricles * reabsorbed by arachnoid villi * maintains a stable and optimal environment
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
72
Substances in the brain's capillaries are separated from the extracellular space A continuous endothelium of the capillary walls and a thick basal lamina surrounding the capillaries
Blood-Brain Barrier
72
a protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain
Blood-Brain Barrier
73
The ______________ of the astrocytes surrounding the capillaries also contribute to the blood brain barrier
"feet"
73
How would the effects differ between a drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors and one that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors?
A drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors would primarily affect smooth muscle function, causing effects like decreased salivation, slowed heart rate, and reduced gut motility, while a drug that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors would primarily affect skeletal muscle contraction, leading to muscle weakness or paralysis, with minimal impact on the autonomic nervous system functions like heart rate or digestion

PHYSIOL (10 decks)

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