Respiratory System Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary function of the lungs?
A
Gas exchange
2
Q
Give the 4 functions of the respiratory system
A
- Regulation of blood pH
- Voice reproduction
- Olfaction
- Innate immunity
3
Q
It is the structure visible in the face
A
External nose
4
Q
It is the opening of the external nose
A
Nares / Nostrils
5
Q
It is the opening to the pharynx
A
Conchae
6
Q
It is the bony ridges on the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
A
Conchae
7
Q
What is the function of conchae
A
Causes the air to churn/vibrate
8
Q
What divides the nasal cavity into 2 parts?
A
Nasal Septum
9
Q
It forms the floor of the nasal cavity and separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
A
Hard palate
10
Q
What is the epithelium of the nares/nostrils?
A
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
11
Q
What happens during sneeze reflex?
A
The uvula and soft palate are depressed, allowing air coming from the lungs to be directed through the nasal cavity
12
Q
It is an air filled space within the bone
A
Paranasal sinuses
13
Q
Which paranasal sinus is not air-filled?
A
Sphenoid sinus
14
Q
What lines the paranasal sinuses?
A
Mucous membrane
15
Q
Maxillary sinus is also known as what?
A
Antrum of Highmore
16
Q
What are the 3 functions of the paranasal sinuses?
A
- Reduce the weight of the skull
- produce mucus for protection
- Resonating chambers - influence the voice
17
Q
It is the passageway for air, food, and water
A
Pharynx
18
Q
The pharynx leads to the rest of the respiratory tract via ?
A
Larynx
19
Q
To what structure does food and water pass through to reach the stomach?
A
Esophagus
20
Q
Pharyngeal tonsil is also known as?
A
Wandeyer’s rings
21
Q
It is the superior part of the pharynx
A
Nasopharynx
22
Q
Give the 3 parts of the nasopharynx
A
- Soft palate
- Uvula
- Auditory tubes
23
Q
It is the floor of the nasopharynx
A
Soft palate
24
Q
It is the extension of the soft palate
A
Uvula
25
The auditory tubes is also known as what?
Eustachian tube
26
What happens during swallowing?
Soft palate elevates, closing the nasopharynx
Note: this process prevents food from entering the nasopharynx
27
The oropharynx extends from the (1) ____ to the (2) _____
1. Uvula
2. Epiglottis
28
What is the epithelium of the oropharynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium
29
What are the 2 sets of tonsils located between the mouth and the oropharynx?
1. Palatine tonsils
2. Lingual tonsils
30
The laryngopharynx extends from the (1) _____ to the (2) _____
1. Tip of the epiglottis
2. Esophagus
31
Food and drinks pass through which part of the pharynx?
Laryngopharynx
32
The larynx extends from the (1) ____ to the (2) ____
1. Base of the tongue
2. Trachea
33
The larynx consists of outer casing of how many cartilages?
Nine (9) cartilages
34
What are the 3 unpaired cartilages of the larynx?
1. Thyroid
2. Cricoid
3. Epiglottis
35
What are the 3 paired cartilages of the larynx?
1. Arytenoid
2. Corniculate
3. Cuneiform
36
It is the largest cartilage of the larynx and forms the "Adam's" apple in males
Thyroid cartilages
37
The thyroid cartilage is superiorly attached to what structure?
Hyoid bone
38
It is the most inferior cartilage of the larynx and it forms the base of the larynx in which other cartilages rest
Cricoid cartilage
39
The only cartilage in the larynx that contains elastic cartilage rather than hyaline
Epiglottis
40
What structure prevents swallowed materials from entering the larynx?
Epiglottis
41
It is the topmost paired cartilage of the larynx
Cuneiform
42
It is the middle paired cartilage of the larynx
Corniculate
43
It is the bottom paired cartilage of the larynx
Arytenoid
44
The trachea is also known as what?
Windpipe
45
It is the membranous tube attached to the larynx
Trachea
46
This structure consists of 16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilages
Trachea
47
It is the system of airways
- starting with the trachea and branching into bronchi and bronchioles
Tracheobronchial tree
48
Which bronchus is directed more horizontally?
Left bronchus
49
It is the principal organ of respiration
Lungs
50
How many lobes are there in the right lungs?
3 (superior, middle, and inferior)
51
How many lobes are there in the left lungs?
2 ( superior and inferior)
52
What bronchioles further subdivide into respiratory bronchioles?
Terminal bronchioles
53
What bronchioles divide to form alveolar duct?
Respiratory bronchioles
54
Where does gas exchange between the air and blood take place?
Respiratory membrane
55
What are the 6 layers of the respiratory membrane?
1. Alveolar fluid
2. Alveolar epithelium
3. Basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium
4. Interstitial space
5. Basement membrane of the capillary endothelium
6. Pulmonary capillary endothelium
56
It is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs
Ventilation or breathing
57
What are the 2 phases of ventilation?
1. Inspiration = inhalation
2. Expiration = exhalation
58
These muscles are associated with the ribs and are responsible for ventilation (2)
1. Muscles of inspiration
2. Muscles of expiration
59
These are the muscles of inspiration (2)
1. Diaphragm
2. External intercostal
60
It is the muscle of expiration
Internal intercostal
61
Explain the first principle of the changes in thoracic volume and pressure
1. Changes in volume result in changes in pressure
2. Inversely proportional = ↑ vol, ↓ pressure
62
Explain the second principle of the changes in thoracic volume and pressure
1. Air flows from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure
2. greater pressure difference = greater rate of air flow
63
It measures the amount of air movement during different portions of ventilation
Respiratory volumes
64
It is the volume inspired or expired air with each breath
Tidal volume
65
Value of tidal volume
500 mL
66
Amount of air that can be inspired forcefully beyond the resting tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume
67
Value of inspiratory reserve volume
3000 mL
68
It is the amount of air that can be expired forcefully beyond tidal volume
Expiratory reserve volume
69
Value of expiratory reserve volume
1100 mL
70
It is the volume of air still remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after maximum expiration
Residual volume
71
Value of Residual volume
1200 mL
72
It is the amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of normal expiration
Functional residual capacity - ERV and RV
73
What is the volume of functional residual capacity at rest?
2300 mL
74
It is the amount of air a person can inspire maximally after normal expiration
Inspiratory capacity
75
What is the volume of inspiratory capacity
3500 mL
76
It is the maximum volume of air that a person can expel from the respiratory tract after maximum inspiration
Vital capacity
77
The inspiratory capacity is a combination of what respiratory volumes?
Tidal volume and IRV (inspiratory reserve volume)
78
The vital capacity is the sum of what respiratory volumes
1. Inspiratory reserve volume
2. Tidal volume
3. Expiratory reserve volume
79
What is the volume of vital capacity?
4600 mL
80
The total lung capacity is the sum of what respiratory volumes?
1. Inspiratory reserve volume
2. Expiratory reserve volume
3. Tidal volume
4. Residual volume
81
What is the volume of total lung capacity?
5800 mL (can vary in each person)
82
It is the point where the trachea bifurcates into the left and right main bronchi
Carina
