Respiratory System

Question 1

Function?

Answer 1

provide body with essential oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide
Gas exchange between blood and external environment (occurs in alveoli)
Passageway to the lungs purify, humidify and warm incoming air

Question 2

Trace the path of air

Answer 2

nostrils, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Question 3

Processes that are involved in respiration?

Answer 3

Breathing: moves air in and out of the lungs.

External Respiration: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the blood

Gas Transport: moves oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the body tissues.

Internal Respiration: exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and the body tissues. Final destination of all the oxygen

Question 4

Organs of the Respiratory System?

Answer 4

Nose and Mouth
Pharynx (has voice box)
Larynx (contains adams apple)
Trachea
Primary Bronchi
Lungs—bronchioles and alveoli
Respiratory muscles (drives the air in/out of lungs)

Question 5

Function of the Nasal Cavity?

Answer 5

Olfactory (smell) receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface

The rest of the cavity is lined with respiratory mucosa that:
Warms air (thin-walled veins)
Moisten air (mucus)
Trap incoming foreign particles (hairs and mucus)
Ciliated cells move debris trapped in mucus to pharynx to be expelled or digested

Question 6

Pharynx (throat)?

Answer 6

Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx (connects nasal cavity to larynx)

Three regions of the pharynx:
Nasopharynx—superior region behind nasal cavity
Oropharynx—middle region behind mouth
Laryngopharynx—inferior region attached to larynx

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food
Contains opening to middle ear and tonsils

Question 7

Larynx (Voice Box)?

Answer 7

Routes air and food into proper channels
Plays a role in speech
Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

Question 8

Structures of the Larynx?

Answer 8

Thyroid cartilage:
Largest of the hyaline cartilages
Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)

Epiglottis:
Protects the superior opening of the larynx
Routes food to the esophagus and air toward the trachea
When swallowing, the epiglottis rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx (prevents food from entering larynx)

Vocal cords:
Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)

Question 9

Trachea (Windpipe)?

Answer 9

Four-inch-long tube that connects larynx with bronchi
Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage

Lined with ciliated mucosa:

• Beat continuously in the opposite direction of incoming air
• Expel mucus loaded with dust and other debris away from lungs

Question 10

Lungs?

Answer 10

occupy most of thoracic cavity
apex is near superior portion of clavicle
base rest on inferior portion on diaphragm
each lung is divided into lobes by fissures

Question 11

how many lobes does the right lung have?

Answer 11

three

Question 12

how many lobes does the left lung have

Answer 12

two

Question 13

what are the outer surface of the lungs covered in?

Answer 13

serosa

Question 14

what does visceral pleura cover?

Answer 14

surface of lungs

Question 15

what does parietal pleura cover?

Answer 15

lines walls of thoracic cavity

Question 16

what is pleural fluid?

Answer 16

fills area between layers of pleura to allow gliding

Question 17

Bronchial tree division

Answer 17

have cartilage in their walls
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

Question 18

structures of respiratory zone?

Answer 18

respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs
alveoli (air sac)

Question 19

where is the site of gas exchange?

Answer 19

alveoli

Question 20

Alveolar cells?

Answer 20

pick up bacteria, carbon and other debris

Question 21

What is IRDS?

Answer 21

when premature newborns don’t produce surfactant. occurs when babies are born before 7 months

Question 22

pulmonary ventilation

Answer 22

mechanical process that depends on a change of volume in thoracic cavity.

volume change leads to pressure change which leads to flow of gas to equalize pressure

Question 23

Two phases of breathing?

Answer 23

inspiration: flow of air into lungs. alveolar pressure is BELOW-ATMOSPHERIC
expiration: flow of air out of lungs. alveolar pressure ABOVE-ATMOSPHERIC

Question 24

what is pulmonary ventilation?

Answer 24

flow of air between row atmosphere and lungs due to pressure differences

Question 25

what does contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle create?

Answer 25

air pressure changes that lower breathing

Question 26

What muscles are used in unforced inhalation?

Answer 26

diaphragm: contracts when receives air. descends and flattens when it contracts

intercostal muscles: skeletal muscles that extend between the ribs. pull ribs up and out

Question 27

What happens as the lungs expand?

Answer 27

• lung volume increases, alveolar pressure inside decreases
• atmospheric pressure > alveolar pressure
• air moves from atmosphere to lungs

Question 28

What happens as the lungs recoil?

Answer 28

• lung volume decreases, alveolar pressure increases
• alveolar air pressure > atmospheric pressure
• air moves from lungs into atmosphere

Question 29

Factors that affect respiratory capacity?

Answer 29

size, age, sex, physical condition

Question 30

What volume is respiratory volume?

Answer 30

tidal volume

Question 31

what percent of tidal volume stays in conducting airways?

Answer 31

30%

Question 32

What is exchange of gas divided into?

Answer 32

external respiration

internal respiration

Question 33

What is external respiration?

Answer 33

pulmonary gas exchange

Question 34

What is internal respiration?

Answer 34

systemic gas exchange

Question 35

What chemical influences the breathing rate?

Answer 35

carbon dioxide