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ANATOMY II > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Ventilation

A

Ventilation is used for breathing, to bring air from the outside of the body inside to the lungs, or from the lungs to the outside environment

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2
Q

Respiration

A

Exchange of gases between the external atmosphere, the blood, and the cells.

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3
Q

External respiration

A

The exchange of gases from the lung’s air sacs to the pulmonary capillaries.

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4
Q

Internal respiration

A

The exchange of gases from the systemic capillaries to the tissue cells.

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5
Q

Increased O2 in the blood and less CO2 is……..

A

external respiration

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6
Q

Decreased O2 in the blood and more CO2 is….

A

internal respiration

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7
Q

Two systems of the respiratory system.

A

conduction and respiratory portion

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8
Q

What does the conduction portion do?

A

Filter, warm, and moisten the air and conduct it to the lungs

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9
Q

What does the conduction portion include?

A

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.

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10
Q

What does the respiratory portion include?

A

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

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11
Q

What does the respiratory portion do?

A

Gas exchange

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12
Q

Lateral walls of the nose

A

Ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal, palatine, internal nasal conchae.

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13
Q

Floor of the nose

A

Maxilla and palatine

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14
Q

Nasal septum of the nose

A

Vomer, ethmoid, palatine and maxilla.

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15
Q

Internal structures of the nose has 3 functions

A

1 - Warm, moisten, and filter incoming air
2 - Detect olfactory stimuli
3 - modify speech vibrations as they pass through resonating chambers

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16
Q

What is the purpose of conchae/meatuses?

A

Increase the surface area in the cavity and prevents dehydration by trapping droplets of water during exhalation.

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17
Q

Where do olfactory receptor cells lie?

A

In the membrane, lining the superior nasal conchae and the septum.

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18
Q

Where does the pharynx extend (from where to where)?

A

Extends from internal nares (two openings) to the level of the cricoid cartilage?

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19
Q

The pharynx lies (anterior/posterior) the nasal/oral cavities, and (anterior/posterior) to the cervical vertebraes.

A

posterior, anterior

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20
Q

Explain the outer and inner layers of the pharynx.

A

Outer circular layer and inner longitudinal layer

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21
Q

What do the tonsils do?

A

Participate in immune reactions against foreign invaders.

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22
Q

What do the pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses do?

A

Act as resonating chambers that give voice individual quality.

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23
Q

What are the 5 openings of the nasopharynx?

A

Two internal nares, two openings from auditory (eustachian) tubes, entrance to the oropharynx

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24
Q

What does the posterior wall of the nasopharynx contain?

A

single pharyngeal tonsil (or adenoids) in the posterior roof

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25
Q

Cilia in nasal cavity do what?

A

move mucous down

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26
Q

how is the eustachian tube involved with inspired air through the nose?

A

some of the air is exchanged with it to equalize atmospheric pressure

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27
Q

where is the oropharynx (from where to where)?

A

Extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone.

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28
Q

How many openings does the oropharynx have and which are they?

A

Contains one opening from the oral cavitiy, the two fauces

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29
Q

Swallowing… what happens to the soft palate and uvula?

A

Soft palate and uvula move superiorly when swallowing to block the nasal cavity.

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30
Q

WHich tonsils are a part of the oropharynx?

A

Palatine and lingual tonsils

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31
Q

Laryngopharynx is also called….

A

hypopharynx

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32
Q

Where to where does the laryngopharynx go?

A

begins at the hyoid bone and extends to the cricoid cartilage

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33
Q

In swallowing, what happens to the pharynx and larynx?

A

they move up

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34
Q

What does the larynx connect?

A

laryngopharynx to trachea

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35
Q

the larynx lies anterior to which vertebrae?

A

C4-C6

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36
Q

What does mucous do in the larynx?

A

helps trap dust not removed in the upper resp tract

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37
Q

what does the cilia of the larynx do?

A

moves the trapped particles up to the pharynx

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38
Q

What happens when air is directed against the vocal folds?

A

They vibrate and set up sound waves in the column of air in the pharynx, nose and mouth.

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39
Q

How is pitch developed?

A

by controlling tension of the vocal cords

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40
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle does what?

A

OPENS the rima glottidus (which is the opening between the vocal folds)

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41
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle does what?

A

Closes the rima glottidus (which is the opening between the vocal folds)

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42
Q

What type of cartilage is the laryngeal prominence?

A

Thyroid cartilage

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43
Q

Which cartilage is shaped like a signet ring?

A

Cricoid cartilage

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44
Q

Trachea is immediately inferior to the….

A

cricoid cartilage

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45
Q

trachea is (ant/post) to the esophagus

A

anterior

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46
Q

trachea extends from where to where

A

from the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebrae

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47
Q

Trachea is made up of ________ incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage

A

16-20

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48
Q

What fills the posterior space of the Cs on the trachea?

A

Fibromuscular membrane (smooth muscle trachialis)

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49
Q

What vertebrae does the trachea divide into right and left primary bronchi?

A

T5

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50
Q

Explain how the right bronchi looks.

A

More vertical, shorter and wider than the left.

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51
Q

What is the carina?

A

Internal ridge where trachea divides into primary bronchi

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52
Q

what is one of the most sensitive areas of the larynx and trachea for triggering a cough reflex?

A

Carina

53
Q

Which bronchi has no cartilage?

A

tertiary

54
Q

Where is the bronchopulmonary segment?

A

where tertiary bronchi divide into 10 sections within each lung

55
Q

The lungs is separated by the _______ and other structures in the mediastinum.

A

heart

56
Q

The lungs is enclosed and protected by a double serous layer called?

A

pleural membrane

57
Q

Where do the lungs extend (from where to where)?

A

extends from the diaphragm to just above the clavicle

58
Q

Which lung is smaller and by how much?

A

LEft lung is smaller by 10%

59
Q

Which lung is shorter?

A

Right lung

60
Q

What is the pleural cavity’s function?

A

Keeps 2 layers close, reduces friction between membranes, allows them to slide easily over one another.

61
Q

where does the pleural cavity extend?

A

extends below the base of the lung from the 6th costal cartilage to the 12th rib.

62
Q

What does pleuritis cause?

A

Inflammation and pain due to friction between layers and if it persists, excess fluid accumulation in pleural space.

63
Q

What are the lung’s three layers? (coats)

A

Serous coat, subserous coat, parenchyma

64
Q

Which coat of the lung is mostly elastic fibers?

A

subserous

65
Q

The paryenchyma is made up of ________.

A

lobules

66
Q

Each lobe receives its own _________ bronchus.

A

secondary

67
Q

The right primary bronchus gives rise to ____ secondary bronchi

A

3

68
Q

The left primary bronchus gives rise to _____ secondary bronchi

A

2

69
Q

Both lungs have ____ tertiary bronchi

A

10

70
Q

Each bronchopulmonary segment has a small compartment called lobules. What do they contain?

A

(which consists of a terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli, vessels, lymph and nerves)

Lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole.

71
Q

Terminal bronchioles subdivide into…

A

Respiratory bronchioles

72
Q

Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into…

A

alveolar ducts

73
Q

What are around the alveolar ducts?

A

numerous alveoli and alveolar sacs

74
Q

What are alveolar sacs?

A

2 or more alveoli that share common opening

75
Q

The walls of the alveoli consist of ____ types of alveolar epithelial cells.

A

2

76
Q

What is Type I alveoli cells?

A

Main site of gas exchange

77
Q

What do Type II alveoli cells secrete?

A

Secrete alveolar fluid, keeps surface between cells and air moist.

78
Q

What is an alveolar macrophage?

A

Wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in the alveolar spaces.

79
Q

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs through which membrane?

A

Respiratory membrane

80
Q

What type of epithelium is the respiratory membrane?

A

Simple Squamous epithelium.

81
Q

Explain pulmonary circulation.

A

Circulation to the bronchi and lung (non-respiratory) tissue from the bronchial arteries.

Circulation to the respiratory tissue (non-aeriated blood) from the heart to the lungs via right atrium and pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary arteries.

From pulmonary arterioles to the lobules.

At alveolar level, pulmonary capillaries

O2/CO2 exchange

Oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary venules and pulmonary veins into the left atrium.

82
Q

Where do the bronchial arteries branch from?

A

Directly from the thoracic aorta or branches of the intercostal arteries.

83
Q

What do bronchial arteries connect with?

A

smaller pulmonary arteries and arterioles to the lobules

84
Q

Most of the blood returns via the ___________ veins, but some returns via the…….

A

pulmonary veins, superior vena cava

85
Q

How does some blood return via the superior vena cava?

A

via branches of the bronchial veins via azygos system (azygos, accessory hemiazygos, hemiazygos vein)

86
Q

Azygos vein is left or right?

A

Right

87
Q

Accessory hemiazygos and hemiazygos is?

A

Left

hemiazygos (lower left)

88
Q

What are the principal inspiratory muscles? Which is more important?

A

Diaphragm (most important) and external intercostals

89
Q

Insertion of diaphragm is?

A

Central tendon

90
Q

What is the diaphragm innervated by?

A

Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

91
Q

Three things that pierce the diaphragm?

A

Abdominal aorta, superior vena cava, esophagus

92
Q

When you inspire, does the diaphragm flatten or raise?

A

diaphragm flattens

93
Q

When you expire, does the diaphragm flatten or raise?

A

diaphragm raises

94
Q

INSPIRATION: What can prevent complete descent of the diaphragm?

A

Pregnancy, obesity, tight clothing.

95
Q

INSPIRATION: With the external intercostals, what happens?

A

contraction pulls ribs superiorly and pushes sternum anterior. (increases anteroposterior and lateral diameter of the cavity)

96
Q

INSPIRATION: As overall size of thoracic cavity increases, the walls of the lungs are pulled ________.

A

outward

97
Q

INSPIRATION: Parietal and visceral pleura are pulled __________.

A

outward

98
Q

INSPIRATION: As volume __________, a pressure gradient is established.

A

increases

99
Q

How does the pressure different go away?

A

Air rushes into the lungs and inspiration takes place until pressure difference no longer exists.

100
Q

What are the accessory muscles that help in deep inspiration?

A

Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor

101
Q

What does the sternocleidomastoid do during inspiration?

A

raises sternum

102
Q

What do the scalenes do during inspiration?

A

raises ribs 1 and 2

103
Q

What do the pectoralis minor do during inspiration?

A

raises ribs 3 to 5

104
Q

When does exhalation start?

A

When inspiration muscles relax

105
Q

What happens to the ribs and diaphragm during expiration?

A

Ribs move inferior, diaphragm moves up

106
Q

What are the 5 muscles of FORCED expiration?

A

abdominal muscles, internal intercostals, innermost intercostals, subcostals, transversus thoracis.

107
Q

FORCED EXPIRATION: What do the abdominal muscles do?

A

Move ribs inferior and compress abdominal viscera forcing diaphragm up

108
Q

FORCED EXPIRATION: What do the internal intercostals do?

A

Extend inferiorly and posteriorly between the ribs, pulls ribs inferiorly

109
Q

FORCED EXPIRATION: What do the innermost intercostals resemble?

A

Same fiber course as the internal intercostals and maybe a deep layer of the same.

110
Q

FORCED EXPIRATION: Where are the subcostals located?

A

Deep to internal intercostals in a variable way. Cross one or two intercostal spaces

111
Q

FORCED EXPIRATION: Where are the transversus thoracis located?

A

4 or 5 slips attached from xiphoid process and body of sternum posteriorly to costal cartilages.

112
Q

Does normal relaxed expiration use any muscles?

A

No

113
Q

Can respiration be controlled voluntarily?

A

Yes, but for short periods of time only

114
Q

How is respiration usually controlled?

A

By the nervous system to meet the body’s demands without our conscious concern.

115
Q

Which part of the brain causes contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles?

A

Clusters of neurons located bilaterally in the medulla oblongata and pons cause contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles

116
Q

Common cold is inflammation of what?

A

mucous membrane

117
Q

What is hay fever?

A

allergic reaction to pollen or dust

118
Q

Hay fever is inflammation of what?

A

mucous membrane

119
Q

What is bronchial asthma?

A

Allergic reaction; excess mucous secretions plug up bronchioles, smooth muscle in lungs goes into spasm further narrowing bronchioles.

120
Q

Is bronchitis acute or chronic?

A

chronic inflammation

121
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

chronic inflammation from bacterial infection. Secretions are overproduced.

122
Q

What is tuberculosis?

A

bacterial infection through inhilation into lung or through lymph/blood. Bascilli form clumps that are surrounded by fibrous tissue. Resultant inflammation destroys lung tissue. Fibrosis makes lungs lose their elasticity, reducing vital capacity.

123
Q

How does emphasema develop?

A

Develops slowly due to previous pathologies or from smoking. From overdistended lungs and alveoli.

124
Q

What happens with emphysema?

A

walls of lungs and alveoli break down and become fibrotic. Decreased ability to exchange gases (out of breath!)

125
Q

is emphysema curable?

A

its irreversible!

126
Q

Where does pneumonia come from?

A

virus

127
Q

What happens with pneumonia?

A

Secretes fibrinous exudate (secretion) in the alveoli. Affected parts become solid with no gaseous exchange.

128
Q

What is pleurisy?

A

infection of the pleura, sharp pain in breathing

ANATOMY II (18 decks)

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