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Respiratory System Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

What does O2 & CO2 exchange increase?

A

respiratory portion

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2
Q

What type of epithelium is seen in the vestibule of the nasal cavity?

A

keratinzed stratified squamous to respiratory

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3
Q

What glands are found in the CT of the nasal cavity vestibule?

A

sebaceous and sweat glands

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4
Q

What is the support from in the nasal cavity vestibule?

A

hyaline cartilage & dense irregular CT

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5
Q

What are vibrissae?

A

large particle filter found in nasal vestibule

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6
Q

Where is the respiratory region located?

A

between limen nasi and superior and middle concha

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7
Q

What are the 4 functions of the respiratory region?

A
  1. warm air
  2. clean air
  3. humidify air
  4. provide defense
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8
Q

What type of epithelium is present in the respiratory region?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar

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9
Q

What is the mucociliry apparatus?

A

goblets and ciliated columnr cells that act as a particle filter (medium sized)

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10
Q

Where are the glands in the respiratory region found and what type are they?

A

lamina propria

seromucous glands

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11
Q

What are the serous products and what is their function?

A
  1. lysozome = antibacterial
  2. interferons = anti-viral
  3. cytokines = stim defensive cells
  4. air humidity
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12
Q

What is the overall function of the serous products?

A

act as the small particle filter

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13
Q

What else is found in the lamina propria?

A

cavernous plexus

many large venules

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14
Q

What are the functions of the cavernous plexus?

A
  1. warm air
  2. humidity air
  3. provide defense
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15
Q

What happens when venules enlarge in the lamina propria due to inflammation?

A

lamina propria icnreases in size ==> decrease in lumen ==> stuffy nose

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16
Q

What happens when O2 increases in the lamina propria due to inflammation?

A

stimulates seromucous gland secretion ==> runny nose

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17
Q

What supports the lamina propria?

A

hyaline cartilage and bone

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18
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the olfactory region?

A

olfactory epithelium with supporting and basal cells and olfactory neurons

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19
Q

What do supporting cells provide in the olfactory region?

A

physical support, nourishment and electrical insulation

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20
Q

What is the appearance of supporting cells if the olfactory region?

A

columnar cells with microvilli

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21
Q

What structure does the olfactory neurons pass through?

A

cribriform plate

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22
Q

What is the function of olfactory (Bowman’s) glands in the olfactory region?

A

produces a serous product to “cleanse” olfactory cilia

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23
Q

Where are paranasal sinuses found?

A

ethmoid, sphenoid, frontal and maxilla bones

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24
Q

How are pranasal sinuses connected to the nasal cavity?

A

through sinal ostia

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25
What type of epithelium is found in the paranasal sinuses?
respiratory epithelium
26
What are the characteristics of the lamina propria in the paranasal sinuses?
thing, has seromucous glands and is quite vascular
27
What it the problem with small ostia?
if lamina propria swells, the ostia become blocked and a sinus infection can thrive
28
What are the three subdivisions of the pharynx?
1. nasopharynx 2. oropharynx 3. laryngopharynx
29
What type of epithelium is found in the nasopharynx?
respiratory
30
What type of epithelium is found in the orpharynx?
stratified squamous
31
What type of epithelium is found in the laryngopharynx?
stratified squamous
32
Where are tonsils located in the pharynx?
in the lamina propria
33
What tonsils are found in the nasopharynx?
pharyngeal tonsils
34
What tonsils are found in the oropharynx?
palatine and lingual tonsils
35
What tonsils are found in the laryngopharynx?
no tonsils!
36
Is there muscularis mucosa found in the pharynx?
no
37
What is another term for the submucosa of the pharynx?
pharyngobasilar fascia
38
What is the arrangement of the muscularis externa in the pharynx?
reversed pattern: inner longitudinal, outer circular
39
What is another term form the adventitia in the pharynx?
buccopharyngeal fascia
40
What is the composition of the buccopharyngeal fascia?
epimysium of buccinator muscle blends into adventitia of pharynx
41
Where is the larynx located?
between pharynx and trachea
42
What type of epithelium is found on the upper part of the epiglottis?
stratified squamous | parts will transition to respiratory
43
What are the characteristics of the lamina propria in the larynx?
loose CT with seromucous glands
44
What are the functions of the cartilage withing the layrnx?
1. maintain an open airway | 2. aid sound production (along w/ skeletal ms)
45
What are they types of cartilage found in the larynx?
hyaline cartilage | elastic cartilate
46
What type of cartilage makes up the thyroid, cricoid & inferior arytenoid cartilages?
hyaline cartilage
47
What type of cartilage makes makes up the epiglottis, cuneiform, corniculate & superior arytenoid cartilages?
elastic cartilage
48
What is the general function of the epiglottis?
keep food and liquid out of the larynx
49
What type of epithelium makes up the vestibular folds?
respiratory epithelium
50
What are characteristics of the lamina propria in the vestibular folds?
loose CT with seromucous glands & possible lymph nodes
51
What type of epithelium is found in the laryngeal ventricle?
stratified squamous
52
What type of epithelium is found in the vocal folds?
stratified squamous
53
What is the function of the stratified squamous epi in vocal folds?
protect from abrasion and drying of tissues due to rapid movement
54
What are characteristics of the lamina propria in the vocal folds?
dense regular bundles of elastic CT | supports vocal fold
55
Where is the vocalis muscle located?
deep to the mucosa in vocal folds
56
What type of epithelium is found in the mucosa of the trachea?
respiratory epithelium
57
What is the function of the brush cells in the trachea mucosa?
chemosensory (monitor air quality?)
58
What are DNES cells?
part of the neuroendocrine system that secrete in LP and likely influence other cells
59
What are the characteristics of the lamina propria in trachea mucosa?
loose CT with seromucous glands that is quite vascular
60
Is there muscularis mucosa in the tracheaa?
no
61
What is seen in the submucosa of the trachea?
a hyaline cartilage C ring
62
What composes the muscularis externa in the trachea?
individual trachealis muscle
63
What is found in the adventitia of the trachea?
CT | no serosa*
64
What is included in the extrapulmonary bronchi?
primary bronchi
65
What are some structural aspects that are decreased in bronchi?
amount of cartilage number of glands number of goblet cells height of epi
66
What are some structural aspects that are increased in bronchi?
smooth muscle | elastic CT
67
What is included in intrapulmonary bronchi?
lobar and segmental bronchi
68
What are characteristics of bronchioles?
1. no cartilage 2. no seromucous glands 3. complete smooth muscle layer
69
What type of epithelium is found in bronchioles?
ciliated simple columnar/cuboidal with some goblets and clara cells
70
What cell is only found in bronchioles?
clara cells
71
What are some characteristics of clara cells?
1. protect epi 2. produce enzyme that degrades toxins 3. regenerate bronchiolar epi 4. secrete lysozome & produces surfactant-type material
72
What other cells are found in the bronchioles?
chemosensory brush cells and DNES small granule cells
73
What are terminal bronchioles?
last part of the conducting portion of respiratory system
74
What type of epithelium is found in the terminal bronchioles?
simple columnar/cuboidal with clara cells and some cilia
75
What are the characteristics of the lamina propria of the terminal bronchioles?
fibroelastic CT
76
What are the respiratory bronchioles?
first region of respiratory portion of the respiratory system
77
What type of epithelium is found in the respiratory bronchioles?
simple cuboidal with clara cells and some cilia | also has some simple squamous epi
78
What does the presence of simple squamous epithelium in the respiratory bronchioles allow to happen?
gas exchange
79
What is the general function of alveolar ducts?
gas exchange
80
What is the general function of alveolar sacs?
gas exchange
81
What is the general function of alveoli?
gas exchange
82
What are the most common cell types in alveoli?
1. alveolar type I 2. alveolar type II 3. alveolar macrophages
83
What is the make up of alveolar type I cells?
squamous type cells with zonula occludens between cells
84
What is the general function of alveolar type I cells?
gas exchange
85
Where are alveolar type I cells most commonly found?
on alveolar surface
86
What is the make up of alveolar type II cells?
cuboidal cells
87
Where are alveolar type II cells mostly found?
sides between alveoli
88
What are the general functions of alveolar type II cells?
1. stem cell for alveolar type I & II 2. produce pulmonary surfactant 3. produce lysozome
89
Alveolar macrophages arise from what cell?
monocytes
90
What is the general function of alveolar macrophages?
clean septal walls using phagocytosis
91
What is the interalveolar septum?
region between two alveoli
92
What is found in the interalveolar septum?
1. alveolar type I & II 2. continuous capillaries 3. fibroblasts 4. basal lamina 5. small amount of CT with many elastic fibers
93
What is the blood-gas barrier?
region where O2 and CO2 pass between the air and blood
94
What structure in alveoli help equalize pressure?
pores that are present in alveoli
95
How are goblet cells affected by chronic exposure to irritants?
increase in number ==> increase mucous secretion
96
How are ciliated columnar cells affected by chronic exposure to irritants?
decrease in number ==> congestion increases
97
How are seromucous glands affected by chronic exposure to irritants?
increase in size ==> more fluid
98
What can an increase in coughing cause?
develop patches of stratified squamous epi instead of respiratory (metaplasia)
99
What causes respiratory distress of the newborn?
too few mature alveolar type II cells
100
What is another term for respiratory distress of the newborn?
hyaline membrane disease
101
What is the problem in emphysema?
decrease in elastin so there is a decrease in alveolar elasticity
102
What protein produces elastic fibers?
alpha-1 antitrypsin
103
What produces alpha-1 AT?
hepatocytes
104
What inactivates alpha-1 AT?
free radicals in cigarette smoke
105
What do macrophages and neutrophils secrete during inflammation?
elastase
106
What is the issue in genetic emphysema?
hepatocytes produce alpha-1 AT, but cannot release it
107
Is emphysema autosomal dominant or recessive?
autosomal dominant

Organ Histology (6 decks)

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