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PE - Applied anatomy and physiology > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Breathing of air into/out of the lungs

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of gaseous exchange?

A

External respiration

Internal respiration

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3
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood

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4
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and muscles/tissues

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5
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

In mitochondria, oxygen is used to break down glucose into carbon dioxide and water during aerobic respiration

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6
Q

Which muscles contract in inspiration at rest?

A

External intercostal muscles

Diaphragm

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7
Q

Which extra muscles contract in inspiration during exercise?

A

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalenes

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8
Q

Which muscles contract in expiration at rest?

A

None

The diaphragm and external intercostals passively relax

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9
Q

Which extra muscles contract in expiration during exercise?

A

Internal intercostal muscles
External/internal obliques
Rectus abdominus

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10
Q

What 2 things can muscles do?

A

Actively contract or passively relax

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11
Q

What does muscle contraction and relaxing cause?

A

Movement of the ribs, sternum and abdomen either up and out or down and in

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12
Q

What does the movement of the ribs, sternum and abdomen cause?

A

The volume of the thoracic cavity to either increase or decrease

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13
Q

What happens when the volume of the thoracic cavity is decreased?

A

Lung air pressure increases causing expiration

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14
Q

What happens when the volume of the thoracic cavity is increased?

A

Lung air pressure decreases causing inspiration

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15
Q 
Which ones of these are active?
Inspiration at rest
Expiration at rest
Inspiration during exercise
Expiration during exercise
A

Inspiration at rest
Inspiration during exercise
Expiration during exercise

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16
Q

Why is expiration at rest the only passive process?

A

It is the only one where no muscles actively contract, all muscles just passively relax

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17
Q

What % of oxygen is carried in red blood cells as oxyhaemoglobin?

A

97%

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18
Q

What % of oxygen is carried in blood plasma?`

A

3%

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19
Q

What % of carbon dioxide is carried in haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin?

A

23%

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20
Q

What % of carbon dioxide is dissolved in blood plasma?

A

7%

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21
Q

What % of carbon dioxide is combined with water in red blood cells as carbonic acid?

A

70%

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22
Q

What is haemoglobin?

A

A protein molecule in red blood cells which contains 4 haem groups that can each carry 1 oxygen molecule

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23
Q

What process does gaseous exchange depend on?

A

Diffusion

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24
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of gases from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure down the diffusion gradient

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25
What is a diffusion gradient?
The difference between the high and low pressure
26
What happens to diffusion as the diffusion gradient increases?
More diffusion occurs and at a quicker rate. | Therefore, more gaseous exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place,.
27
What is the definition of partial pressure?
The pressure a gas exerts within a mixture of gases.
28
What type of blood has a high partial pressure of oxygen?
Oxygenated
29
What type of blood has a low partial pressure of oxygen?
Deoxygenated
30
What type of blood has a high partial pressure of carbon dioxide?
Deoxygenated
31
What type of blood has a low partial pressure of carbon dioxide?
Oxygenated
32
What direction does carbon dioxide go between the alveoli and blood?
From blood to alveoli | lower pp in alveoli
33
What direction does oxygen go between the alveoli and blood?
From alveoli to blood | lower pp in blood
34
What direction does carbon dioxide go between blood and respiring tissues?
From respiring tissues to blood | lower pp in blood
35
What direction does oxygen go between blood and respiring tissues?
From blood to respiring tissues | lower pp in respiring tissues
36
What dissociates/associates to the blood in external respiration?
Carbon dioxide dissociates and goes into alveoli | Oxygen associates to haemoglobin
37
What dissociates/associates to the blood in internal respiration?
Carbon dioxide associates to blood | Oxygen dissociates and goes to muscles
38
What happens to external/internal respiration during exercise?
Both increase to increase the supply of oxygen to working muscles.
39
What happens to the oxygen dissociation curve during exercise?
Shifts right | Oxygen dissociates more easily to supply working muscles
40
How much oxygen dissociates into muscles at rest?
25% | Still 75% saturation
41
During exercise what happens to the blood returning to the lungs?
It is more deoxygenated as skeletal muscles are using more oxygen to release energy so more carbon dioxide is produced.
42
What happens to the association of oxygen at the alveoli during exercise?
Increases as the pp of oxygen in the alveoli is the same but it's lower in the alveoli capillaries so the diffusion gradient is steeper.
43
What happens to the dissociation of carbon dioxide at the alveoli during exercise?
Increases as the pp of carbon dioxide in the alveoli is the same but it's higher in the alveoli capillaries so the diffusion gradient is steeper.
44
What 4 factors shift the oxygen dissociation curve to the right during exercise?
Increased temperature (blood/muscle) Decreased pp of oxygen in muscles Increased pp of carbon dioxide in muscles Bohr effect (decreased pH)
45
What is the definition of tidal volume?
Volume air expired/inspired in one breath
46
What is the definition of frequency?
Number of breaths in 1 minute
47
What is the definition of minute ventilation?
Volume of air inspired/expired in 1 minute
48
What is the average resting tidal volume?
500ml per breath
49
What is the average resting frequency?
12/15 per minute
50
What is the average resting minute ventilation?
6-7.5 Lmin
51
What is the TV during exercise (untrained)
2/3 L
52
What is the TV during exercise (trained)
Up to 3.5 L
53
What is the maximal frequency during exercise (untrained)
20-50 breaths per minute
54
What is the maximal frequency during exercise (trained)
60 breaths per minute
55
What is the maximal minute ventilation during exercise (untrained)
100-150 L per minute
56
What is the maximal minute ventilation during exercise (trained)
180-210 L per minute
57
Why does minute ventilation plateau during aerobic exercise?
Oxygen supply equals demand of muscles
58
Where is the respiratory control centre?
Medulla oblongata
59
Describe how respiratory control centre increases rate and depth of breathing
Sympathetic nervous system stimulates phrenic (diaphragm) and intercostal nerves to increase rate and depth of breathing
60
Describe how the respiratory control centre decreases rate and depth of breathing
Parasympathetic nervous system decreases stimulation of respiratory muscles to decrease rate and depth of breathing
61
What is another name for minute ventilation?
Pulmonary ventilation
62
What is another name for frequency?
Rate of breathing
63
What is another name for tidal volume?
Depth of each breath
64
What else does the respiratory control centre stimulate during exercise?
The additional muscles used in breathing during exercise
65
What receptors detect a need to increase pulmonary ventilation?
Baroreceptors (increase in blood pressure) Proprioceptors (increase in motor movement) Chemoreceptors (decrease in pH)

PE - Applied anatomy and physiology (6 decks)

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