Skeletal system

Question 1

What does the skeletal system consist of?

Answer 1

Bones and connective tissues (CTs)

Question 2

What are the 3 connective tissues?

Answer 2

Ligaments, tendons and cartilage

Question 3

What are ligaments?

Answer 3

Slightly elastic, criss-cross collagen fibres that attach bone to bone

Question 4

What is the role of ligaments?

Answer 4

Attach bone to bone, strengthening/ stabilising joints to allow normal range of motion whilst preventing joint dislocations/excessive movement.

Question 5

What are tendons?

Answer 5

Parallel collagen fibres allowing for elasticity, attach bone to muscle.

Question 6

What is the role of tendons?

Answer 6

Attach bones to muscle and transmits the muscular force to bones which causes movement.

Question 7

What are the 2 types of cartilage?

Answer 7

Hyaline/articular

Fibro cartilage

Question 8

What is hyaline/articular cartilage?

Answer 8

At the end of bones forming a smooth, firm surface between articulating bones. Reduces friction, allows smooth/pain free movement, act as shock absorbers.

Question 9

What is fibrocartilage?

Answer 9

Tough, slightly flexible acting as a shock absorber and lubricant eg between individual vertebrae.

Question 10

What are the 7 roles of the skeletal system?

SLAPRSS

Answer 10

Support
Lever system
Attachment sites
Protection
Red blood cells
Shape
Storage

Question 11

How does the skeletal system provide support?

Answer 11

Provides a rigid framework eg vertebrae supports the head.

Question 12

How does the skeletal system provide a lever system?

Answer 12

Muscles can pull against it to cause movement

Question 13

How does the skeletal system provide attachment sites?

Answer 13

Large surface area for tendons/ligaments to attach to

Question 14

How does the skeletal system provide protection?

Answer 14

Prevents delicate organs from being damaged eg cranium protects the brain

Question 15

How does the skeletal system provide red blood cells?

Answer 15

In bone marrow of long bones, red blood cells are produced.

Question 16

How does the skeletal system provide shape?

Answer 16

Individual framework (body height/width) eg wider formed pelvis)

Question 17

How does the skeletal system provide storage?

Answer 17

Vital minerals, calcium and phosphorus are stored in bones.

Question 18

What are axial bones?

Answer 18

The axial skeleton forms the axis of the body

Question 19

What appendicular bones?

Answer 19

These form the upper and lower limbs/girdles that join to the axial skeleton

Question 20

Which bones are axial?

Answer 20

Cranium, mandible, ribs, sternum, vertebrae

Question 21

Which bones are appendicular?

Answer 21

Clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, scapula, pelvis, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, talus, tarsals, metatarsals.

Question 22

What are the 5 common structures of a synovial joint?

Answer 22

Ligament
Synovial fluid
Hyaline/articular cartilage
Joint capsule
Synovial membrane

Question 23

What is the function of synovial fluid?

Answer 23

Provides lubricant for the joint to move smoothly.

Question 24

What is the function of the joint capsule?

Answer 24

Provides stability to the joint

Question 25

What is the function of the synovial membrane?

Answer 25

Secretes synovial fluid | Allows a greater range of motion

Question 26

What are the 3 extra structures that can be part of a synovial joint?

Answer 26

Pods of fat Bursa Manisci

Question 27

What do the pods of fat do in a synovial joint?

Answer 27

Acts as a wedge between joint capsule and bone or muscle helping to absorb shock and stabilise.

Question 28

What do bursa do in a synovial joint?

Answer 28

Provides cushioning/lubrication, adds stability, increases range of motion

Question 29

What do menisci do in a synovial joint?

Answer 29

Extra layer of cartilage to provide more cushioning

Question 30

Definition of joints?

Answer 30

Where two or more bones articulate

Question 31

What is classification of joints based on?

Answer 31

The amount of movement possible at the joint?

Question 32

What are the 3 types of joint?

Answer 32

Fixed/fibrous/immovable Cartilaginous/partially movable Synovial/freely movable

Question 33

Describe fixed joints

Answer 33

Allow little/no movement between the joints, joints are interlocked and held together by connective tissue or fused together eg cranium.

Question 34

Describe cartilaginous joints

Answer 34

Articulating bones are further apart/separated by pads of fibrocartilage which compress, acting as shock absorbers eg vertebral column disks

Question 35

Describe synovial joints

Answer 35

Allow a wide range of motion in a variety of directions, Bone surface covered in hyaline cartilage and enclosed by fibrous joint capsules that contain synovial fluid eg the knee. Most joints are synovial.

Question 36

What are the 6 types of synovial joint?

Answer 36

``` Hinge Pivot Gliding Ball and socket Saddle Condyloid ```

Question 37

Describe the hinge synovial joint

Answer 37

Allows swinging motion. Flexion/Extension | Eg elbow/knee/ankle

Question 38

Describe the pivot synovial joint

Answer 38

Allows rotation | Eg neck/vertebrae

Question 39

Describe the gliding synovial joint

Answer 39

Smooth movement in several directions along a plane or other smooth surface Eg vertebral column.

Question 40

Describe the ball and socket synovial joint

Answer 40

Stable movement in several directions without slippage | Eg shoulder/hip

Question 41

Describe the saddle synovial joint

Answer 41

Opposable thumbs can move in oval shape relative to the other bone

Question 42

Describe the condyloid synovial joint

Answer 42

Irregular surface where the bones move past each other | Eg wrist

Question 43

What are all of the anatomical movements?

Answer 43

``` Flexion/extension Dorsi/plantar flexion Abduction/adduction Medial/lateral rotation Circumduction ```

Question 44

What is plantar flexion?

Answer 44

Pointing the toes

Question 45

What is medial rotation?

Answer 45

Front part of body rotates towards the midline of the body

Question 46

What is lateral rotation?

Answer 46

Front part of body rotates away from the midline of the body

Question 47

What are the 3 planes?

Answer 47

Sagittal Frontal Transverse

Question 48

Describe the sagittal plane

Answer 48

Vertical body plane which passes from front to rear dividing dividing body into 2 symmetrical halves (right and left sections). movements going forward/back are in this plane.

Question 49

Describe the frontal plane

Answer 49

Passes from side to side at right angle to the sagittal plane. Divides body into front and back section. Movements going side to side are in this plane. (abduction/adduction)

Question 50

Describe the transverse plane

Answer 50

Horizontal plane which divides body into upper/lower sections. Movements involving twisting/rotation are in this plane.

Question 51

What is circumduction?

Answer 51

Movement combination through 2 or more planes of motion

Question 52

What is pronation?

Answer 52

Palm of hand facing downwards

Question 53

What is supination?

Answer 53

Palm of hand facing upwards