Respiratory System Flashcards by Gwen Gross

Functions of the respiratory system (8)

Air conduction/Gas Exchange
Phonation - production of speech sounds
Olfaction
Heat Regulation
Air Conditioning
Protection
Acid-base Regulation
Hormone Conversion

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3 subdivisions of the respiratory system based on function

Conductive
Transitional
Gas Exchange

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What does the conductive division do?

Brings air to the respiratory portion.

Cleans, moistens, warms incoming air.

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How does the conductive division treat the air before delivering it to the respiratory portion?

Blood in venous plexuses in mm of nasal cavity regulates temperature.

Hair and secretions in nasal cavity trap particulate matter

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What does the transitional division do?

Serves as a transition zone between conducting system (ciliated) and gas exchange division (alveolar).

Consists of terminal bronchioles

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What lines the terminal bronchioles of the transitional division?

Club cells/Clara cells
Non ciliated secretory cells
Very few ciliated cells

*Healthy bronchioles DO NOT have goblet cells

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What does the gas exchange division do?

Alveoli exchange O2 and CO2 in the pulmonary capillaries

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What type of cells line the alveoli found in the gas exchange division?

Epithelial type 1 (membranous)

Epithelial type 2 pneumonocytes (pneumocytes)

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What should a normal lung look like?

Pink and spongy

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Order of the respiratory tree

(conduction) Nasal cavity > nasopharynx > larynx > trachea > bronchi > bronchioles > (exchange) respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveolar sacs > alveoli

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2 defense mechanisms of the respiratory system

Non specific (non immune mediated)

Specific (immune mediated)

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Types of non-specific defense

Mucous trapping
Mucociliary clearance/escalator
Phagocytosis
Air turbulence (coughing/sneezing)

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Types of specific defense

Antibody production (B cells)
Antibody mediated phagocytosis
Cell mediated immunity (T cells)

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What types of cells line the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea and bronchi?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and submucosal serous cells

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What types of cells line the respiratory portion of the nasal cavity?

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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What is found in the lamina propria of the nasal cavity?

Bowman’s glands, or tubulo-alveolar glands

(mainly serous, with some mucous and mixed glands).

*Olfaction glands (odorant-binding proteins)

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Each half of the nasal cavity has these 3 regions

Vestibular
Respiratory
Olfactory

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What is the initial, external region of the nasal cavity that is continuous with the skin?

Vestibular

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Characteristics of the vestibular region of the nasal cavity

Cutaneous mucous membrane
Haired skin
Glands
Lined with stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

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This region of the nasal cavity is the largest, and is responsible for clearance of mucous and control of quality/quantity of inhaled air?

Respiratory

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What makes up the Mucociliary Apparatus, which lines the respiratory region of the nasal cavity and is responsible for clearance/cleaning?

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium, with goblet cells.

Goblet cells produce mucinogen granules, which trap airborne inhaled particles, then mucous is swept away by movement of cilia.

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What are the Conchae Turbinates in the respiratory region of the nasal cavity?

Projections from the lateral wall that narrow the lumen of the nasal cavity and increase area of contact between inhaled air and respiratory mm.

Regulates quality and quantity of inhaled air.

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Role of goblet cells in the airway

Secretion traps particulate matter.

Present to the level of large bronchioles.

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What happens to goblet cells in a smoker’s body?

Hyperplasia. Increased number of goblet cells.

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How does smoking affect the ciliated cells in the airways?

Metaplasia. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar cells are replaced by stratified squamous cells.

What dysfunction occurs when the dynein arms of the cilia are missing?

Immotile cilia syndrome (Kartagener's)

What type of epithelium lines the olfactory region of the nasal cavity?

Olfactory eipthelium. Thicker than respiratory epithelium and lacks goblet cells. On dorsal planum of nasal cavity

Special cells of the olfactory region of the nasal cavity

Olfactory neurons (axons = Cr N.1) Supporting (sustenacular cells) Basal cells - stem cells Lamina propria has serous olfactory glands *NO GOBLET CELLS

What are "swell bodies" and where are they found?

Venous plexuses distended with blood. | Found in the olfactory and respiratory regions of the nasal cavity.

Function of the vomeronasal organ

Detect pheromones. Sexual behavior :-o

What makes up the larynx?

Cartilage Vocal folds Skeletal muscle

What kind of cells line the first part of the larynx?

stratified squamous epithelium

Where on the larynx would you find pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?

After the vocal chords

What kind of cells line the trachea?

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Where can serous glands be found in the trachea?

Lamina propria/Submucosa

Trachea wall consists of

Rings of cartilage (incomplete dorsally) | CT adventitia

The trachea bifurcates into

the bronchi, which enter the lung

Bronchi are lined by

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What kind of cartilage is found in the bronchi?

Hyaline

What type of glands are in the bronchi and what do they secrete?

Mixed seromucous glands. | Secrete mucin, lactoferrin, lysozyme (bacteriocidal)

Characteristics of bronchioles

No cartilage No glands No goblet cells Very few ciliated cells

Subdivisions of bronchioles

terminal and respiratory

Lining of terminal bronchioles

Ciliated cuboidal Few to no goblet cells *Muscularis mucosae still present

Where are club cells located?

Terminal and respiratory bronchioles

Function of Club cells

Source of surfactant-like substance (maintains patency of airway) Metabolism of airborn toxins (immune?)

Characteristics of club cells

Non ciliated Bulge at the surface of bronchiolar lumen

Function of respiratory bronchioles

Conduction and gas exchange

Lining of respiratory bronchioles

Ciliated cuboidal Incomplete muscularis mucosae

What do respiratory bronchioles subdivide into?

Alveolar ducts

Part of the exchange system that empties into alveolar sacs and alveoli

Alveolar ducts

What are the walls of alveolar ducts composed of?

Alveoli lined with simple squamous epithelium

What surrounds the opening of each alveolus?

Smooth muscle cells *Gives the lip of the alveolus a knob-like appearance

Do alveolar sacs have smooth muscle?

No?

What 2 epithelial cells line alveoli?

Pneumocytes type I | Pneumocytes type II

What is it called when the alveolar spaces fill with proteinaceous fluid?

Pulmonary edema

What are pores of Kohn?

Connect neighboring alveoli. Equalize pressure. Provide collateral ventilation if a bronchiole is obstructed. Allow macrophage passage from one alveolus to another.

Contents of the alveolar septum

``` Fibroblasts Capillaries Dust cells Collagen type III in alveolar wall. Collagen type I in conducting airways. Elastic fibers ```

What's up with Pneumocyte Type I cells?

Form walls of alveoli Compose 95% of alveolar surface area. Super thin. Have occluding junctions to prevent fluid passage Function is gas permeability Organelles grouped around nucleus

Which type of pneumocyte is mitotic?

Pneumocyte type II *makes type I and type II cells

What kind of capillaries are in the interalveolar septum?

continuous

What's up with Pneumocyte type II cells?

5% of alveolar surface area Secretory Surfactant produced via lamellar bodies AKA: Great Alveolar Cell or Granular Pneumocyte

Function of surfactant produced by pneumocyte II

Reduce surface tension, reducing effort needed to inflate alveoli (prevent alveolar collapse)

Atelectasis

alveolar collapse

What stimulates the production of surfactant in the fetus prior to parturition?

Cortisol

Hyaline Membrane Disease

absence of surfactant in newborns

Components of the Blood-Air Barrier

Vascular endothelium Basement membrane of the endothelial cell Basement membrane of the type I pneumocyte Cytoplasm of type I pneumocyte

Pathway of oxygen through the Blood-Air barrier

Surfactant (cytoplasm of type I cell) > Basal Lamina of type I > Basal Lamina of endothelial cell > Cytoplasm of endothelial cell > Capillary RBC's *Carbon dioxide goes the opposite way

Types of pulmonary macrophages

Alveolar (PAM's) - free | Intravascular (PIM's) -fixed

Dust cells

Alveolar macrophages (free)

Pulmonary vessels

Pulmonary arteries Capillaries (continuous) Pulmonary veins Lymphatic Vessels (not in alveolar walls)

Pleura of the thoracic cavity is composed of

Mesothelial cells | simple squamous epithelial cells

Respiratory System Flashcards

(71 cards)