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Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiratory epithelium?

A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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2
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

getting O2 into lungs and CO2 out of lungs

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3
Q

external respiration

A

getting O2 to the blood, and removing CO2 away from the blood, occurs in pulmonary capillaries of the lungs

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4
Q

Internal respiration

A

getting O2 to the cells and removing CO2 away from cells. occurs in capillaries of systemic circulation

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5
Q

external nares

A

nostrils

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6
Q

vestibule

A

entrance, opening of nose past the external nares

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7
Q

vibrissae

A

nose hairs, important to filter things out

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8
Q

Nasal cavity

A

entrance is nasal vestibule; continues to internal nares or choanae. Above are ethmoid and sphenoid. below hard and soft palate. contains nasal conchae (aka turbinates)

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9
Q

Turbinates

A

nasal chonchae, swirl air to moisten and trap dust particles

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10
Q

Mucous membrane

A

lines respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive systems. absorptive, protective, secretory

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11
Q

Seromucous glands

A

type of mucus gland in respiratory epithelium. aka tubuloalveolar glands.

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12
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

respiratory epithelium plus olfactory receptor cells. located below cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

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13
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

for warming and humidifying air. and to make head lighter. They have one opening into nasal cavity that is very narrow, lined by nasal mucosa and subject to infection and sinusitis

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14
Q

Pharynx

A

located posterior and inferior to nasal cavity. begins at the choanae. lined by respiratory epithelium.

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15
Q

The three parts of the pharynx

A

naso, oro, and laryngopharynx

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16
Q

Nasopharynx

A

from choanae to uvula of soft palate. lined by respiratory epithelium.
Contains opening of auditory tube to middle ear, tubal tonsil, pharyngeal tonsil.

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17
Q

Oropharynx

A

from soft palate to level of hyoid bone. Posterior to oral cavity, acts as a passage of air and food. lined by stratified squamous epithelium. contains palatine and lingual tonsil, epitglottis.

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18
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

from hyoid to level of cricoid cartilage of trachea. Posterior to larynx, acts as a passage for air and food. continuous with both esophagus and larynx. Contains openings into larynx

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19
Q

Larynx

A

opening into trachea, protected by epiglottis.
Part superior to vocal cords-stratified epithelium
Part inferior to vocal cords-respiratory epithelium

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20
Q

Vocal fold

A

sound production

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21
Q

Vestibular fold

A

lies above vocal fold to provide protection.

“false vocal cord”

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22
Q

Vocal ligament

A

stretches from thyroid to arytenoid cartilages. the vocal folds together form the rima glottides.

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23
Q

Thyroid

A

1 of 4 laryngeal cartilages.

shield shaped. larger in front.

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24
Q

Arytenoid

A

1 of 4 laryngeal cartilages

Paired. attachment of vocal cords

25
Cricoid
1 of 4 laryngeal cartilages | Ring like in front, larger in back
26
Corniculate
1 of 4 laryngeal cartilages | horn shaped.
27
Motor innervation to muscles of vocalization and larynx is...
the vagus nerve
28
Epiglottis is what kind of cartilage?
elastic
29
The four laryngeal cartilages are what type of cartilage?
hyaline
30
Trachea
"wind pipe" from cricoid cartilage to bifurcation into R and L bronchi. C shaped hyaline cartilage to keep air passage open. Posterior side is soft and in contact with esophagus.
31
Carina
the ridge inside the bifurcation of the trachea. high concentration of cough receptors. occurs at transverse thoracic plane (level of sternal angle)
32
Where in what section of the mediastinum is the trachea?
Trachea is in superior, bronchi are in posterior mediastinum because bifurcation happens at transverse thoracic plane
33
Where is aspirated material more likely to go?
Right bronchus because angle in left bronchus is much steeper
34
Primary bronchi
split into secondary or lobar bronchi which correspond to how many lobes are in each lung. i.e. 3 secondary bronchi on right side for the 3 lobes of the right lung
35
What is the sequence of cartilage from bronchi to bronchiole
Cartilage rings in primary bronchi plates in secondary and tertiary bronchi No cartilage in bronchioles. smooth muscle is found from the trachea through alveolar ducts
36
Order of air flow into lungs
Trachea, bronchus, bronchiole, terminal bronchiole (CONDUCTING ZONE), respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveolar sac, alveolus (RESPIRATORY ZONE)
37
lobes and fissures of lungs
Right lung has 3 lobes: superior, middle, inferior with a horizontal then oblique fissure. Left lung has two lobes: superior and inferior with a oblique fissure
38
Cardiac impression and notch
on left lung
39
lingula
tongue like projection from left lung
40
Cardiopulmonary circulation
O2 is exchanged for the CO2 on RBCs
41
Pulmonary arteries
deox blood from heart to lungs | travel with primary bronchus and divide into lobar arteries for each lobe
42
Pulmonary veins
return oxygenated blood to heart
43
Hilum
door into lung
44
Root of lung
collectively all structures that travel together into or out of lung Root of lung from superior to inferior LEFT: pulmonary arteries, bronchi, pulmonary veins RIGHT: bronchi, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins
45
Phrenic nerve pathway
passes ventrally to the root and through the epicardium
46
Vagus nerve pathway
passes dorsally to the root of the lung and disappears behind the heart
47
Pleura
lines thoracic wall and lungs. mesothelium (serous membrane). visceral pleura in contact with lungs, parietal pleura in contact with thoracic wall Become continuous at the hilum
48
Pulmonary ligament
the inferiorly continuing double layer of pleura
49
Parietal pleura consists of four parts..
costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic, and cervical (or cupola)
50
Pleural pain
visceral is insensitive | parietal innervated by phrenic, intercostal and dermatomes C3-C5
51
Bronchioles
no cartilage and simple columnar ciliated epithelium
52
Terminal bronchioles
simple CUBOIDAL ciliate epithelium
53
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic innervations of smooth muscle
Sym: broncholdilation Para: bronchoconstriction
54
Alveoli
gas filled, air exchange chamber. most of lung volume. Type 1(simple squamous make up walls of alveolus) and Type II (surfactant) cells. Dust cells (alveolar macrophages)
55
intercostal muscles
usually just used during exercise or forced breathing, otherwise just diaphragm to increase size of thoracic cavity
56
Innveration of respiration
quiet-phrenic and intercostal nerves forced-recruits other muscles inhibition of inspiration-stretch receptors in lungs diaphragm-phrenic nerve (C3,4,5) ventral rami of T1-T12 of intercostal nerves
57
Neural control of ventilation
Respiratory center in medulla. Chemoreceptors respond to decreases in O2 and CO2. Aortic bodies in aortic arch and carotid bodies at bifurcation of common carotid artery Sensory info to medulla by vagus and glossopharyngeal
58
Vascular supply to lungs
trachea, bronchi and lungs are supplied by bronchial arteries from thoracic artery and drained by bronchial veins that empty into azygos system of veins and small branches into pulmonary veins

Anatomy (9 decks)

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