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The Heart Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two circuits of blood flow?

A

Pulmonary to lungs-right side receives deoxygenated blood and pumps it to the lungs
Systemic to body-left side receives oxygenated blood and pumps it throughout the body

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2
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

middle mediastinum. apex directed anteriorly and left

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3
Q

ligamentum arteriosum

A

passes from left pulmonary artery to the root of the aorta.

The pulmonary trunk is anterior to aorta

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4
Q

coronary sulcus

A

separates atria from ventricles (like a crown)

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5
Q

Pericardium

A

Inner layer-touches heart, visceral pericardium or epicardium
Parietal layer-serous or parietal pericardium
There is potential space between these two.
Outside layer of parietal pericardium is fibrous pericarium. There is no space between fibrous and parietal layers

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6
Q

Pericardial space

A

a serous fluid filled space between parietal and visceral layers

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7
Q

Cardiac tamponade

A

aka hemopericardium. accumulation of blood in pericardial space

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8
Q

Pericarditis

A

lack of serous fluid causes pain when visceral parietal layers adhere

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9
Q

What layer of the heart are intercalated discs found? What are they?

A

Myocardium (middle layer between endo and epicardium which is the visceral layer). Intercalated discs are gap junctions that help with communication

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10
Q

The right atrium receives blood from

A

superior and inferior vena cava. it is deoxygenated

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11
Q

The left atrium receives blood from

A

the pulmonary veins that this oxygenated

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12
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood

A

through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs

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13
Q

The left ventricle pumps blood

A

through the aorta to the body. It has much thicker myocardium than the right ventricle

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14
Q

Interventricular septum

A

separates the ventricles, muscular inferiorly and membranous superiorly

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15
Q

Characteristics of the right atrium

A

Sinus venarum, openings to SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus, fossa ovalis, sinoatrial node, AV node, pectinate muscle, crista terminalis, right auricle

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16
Q

Sinus venarum

A

smooth muscle of the right atrium, posterior wall

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17
Q

fossa ovalis

A

interatrial septum of right atrium. in fetal heart this was the foramen ovale

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18
Q

Characteristics of right ventricle

A

Trabeculae carnae, conus arteriosis, chordae tendinae, papillary muscles (anterior, posterior and septal), moderator band

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19
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

support and structure of walls of ventricle, more robust than pectinate

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20
Q

Conus arteriosis

A

also called the infundibulum, smooth walled, cone shaped outflow leading to pulmonary trunk

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21
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

responsible for anchoring leaflets of valve

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22
Q

Papillary muscles

A

conical projections of myocardium that project via chordae tendinae to tricuspid valve in right ventricle and bicuspid valve in left ventricle

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23
Q

Moderator band

A

muscular bundle that runs from interventricular septum to anterior papillary muscle. Contains elements for transmission of electrical impulse (branch of AV bundle branch). prevents over dilation of ventricle.

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24
Q

Systemic circuit

A

left atrium and ventricle

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25
Characteristics of left atrium
smooth walled, receives the four pulmonary veins that carry oxygenated blood. Joined by pectinate-lined left auricle
26
Pulmonary veins carry
oxygenated blood to the left atrium
27
Characteristics of left ventricle
strongest pumping and thickest myocardium, trabeculae carnae, chordae tendinae, papillary muscles (anterior and posterior), bicuspid valve
28
Atrioventricular valves
Right side is tricuspid | Left side is bicuspid or mitral
29
Semilunar valves
aortic semilunar between ascending aorta and left ventricle | Pulmonary semilunar between pulmonary trunk and right ventricle
30
Arteries that have valves
aorta and pulmonary trunk
31
Truncus arteriosus
fetal heart structure at day 22. in the adult it becomes pulmonary trunk and aortic arch
32
Bulbis cordis
fetal heart structure at day 22. in the adult it becomes the right ventricle and conus arteriosus
33
Interventricular sulcus
fetal heart structure at day 22. in the adult it stays the interventricular sulcus
34
Primitive ventricle
fetal heart structure at day 22. in the adult it becomes Left ventricle
35
Atrioventricular sulcus
fetal heart structure at day 22. in the adult it stays the atrioventricular sulcus
36
Primitive atrium
fetal heart structure at day 22. in the adult it becomes pectinate part of right atrium and right and left auricles
37
Crista terminalis
fetal heart structure at day 22. in the adult it stays the same
38
Sinus venosus
fetal heart structure at day 22. in the adult it becomes smooth part of the right atrium, sinoatrial node, fossa ovalis, coronary sinus, SVC, IVC
39
Does a fetus oxygenate blood in the lungs?
No, it receives oxygenated blood from the mother. Thus the fetal heart has structures to keep most of he blood from going to its lungs
40
Foramen ovale
structure in fetal heart that enables blood to move directly from right to left atrium. closes shortly after birth to become fossa ovalis
41
Ductus arteriosus
structure in fetal heart. A duct from the left pulmonary artery to the descending aorta to rechannel blood from going into the lungs to go into the aorta. becomes ligamentum arteriosus.
42
An infant with a "hole in the heart"
has a malformed part of the membranous interventricular septum. VSD. can lead to too much pressure on the lungs as left and right ventricles are pumping into pulmonary arteries
43
ASD
atrial septal defect. leakage from LA to RA leads to stronger contraction in RA until it becomes stronger that LA. Blood from RA goes to LA resulting in hypoxia. Bad if a blood clot gets in there because it can go to the head. Can be fixed with Amplatzer device
44
Coronary arteries
Left and right coronary arteries. Arterial supply of oxygen to the muscles of the heart
45
Left coronary artery
branches into Anterior interventricular artery or left anterior descending artery, circumflex, and left marginal artery
46
Right coronary artery
branches into right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery
47
Cardiac veins
anterior, great, middle, small, smallest cardiac veins (Thebesian) and coronary sinus
48
Great cardiac vein
becomes coronary sinus and runs along the anterior interventricular artery
49
Middle cardiac vein
empties into coronary sinus and runs along the posterior interventricular artery
50
small cardiac vein
empties into coronary sinus, comes from the same area as the right marginal artery
51
Anterior and smallest cardiac veins
do NOT empty into coronary sinus
52
cardiac skeleton
dense connective tissue. encircles the 4 valves, attaches myocardium together, provides support for the valve around the orifice. Prevents impulses from passing from atria to ventricles so they dont contract at the same time
53
Sinoatrial node
Pacemaker. impulses to contract spread through atria
54
Atrioventricular node
located in the base of the right atrium. Transmits impulses to ventricles via AV bundle (bundle of his).
55
Purkinje fibers
extensions of AV bundle that go into papillary muscles and myocardium
56
Systole
ventricular contraction (atria relax)
57
Diastole
ventricular relaxation (atria contract)
58
Lub
contraction of ventricles that causes AV valve to shut
59
Dub
moments after lub the semilunar valves slam shut to prevent backflow of blood from great arteries back into ventricles
60
Cardiac plexus
sympathetic innervation from sympathetic trunk and cardiac nerves. parasympathetic innervation from vagus nerve
61
Sympathetic response-baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
in carotid artery and arch of aorta detect low blood pressure and/or high carbon dioxide concentrations
62
Sympathetic response-cardio-accelatory centers
in medulla, send signals via cardiac nerves to SA and AV nodes in the heart. create impulses that are faster and stronger to increase heart-rate
63
Sympathetic response-vaso constriction
centers in medulla oblongata sends signals via sympathetic nerves to arteries and veins. vessel diameter constricts then blood pressure increases
64
Parasympathetic response-baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
in carotid artery and arch of aorta detect high blood pressure and/or low carbon dioxide concentrations
65
Parasympathetic response-cardio-inhibitory centers
in medulla, send signals via vagus nerves so SA and AV nodes in the heart. slower and weaker impulses to decrease heart rate
66
Parasympathetic response-vaso dilation centers
in medulla. send signals via parasympathetic nerves to arteries and veins. vessel diameter increases and blood pressure decreases
67
Sympathetic innervation
from cervical and thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia via cardiac nerves. increases heart rate and blood pressure
68
Parasympathetic innervation
from vagus nerve. pass through cardiac plexus to nodal tissue (as do sympathetics) but also to smooth muscle of coronary arteries. slows heart rate in decreases blood pressure

Anatomy (9 decks)

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