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Respiratory System Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

Development

A

Cranial portion of foregut (together with dig. System)

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2
Q

What is the foregut?

A

Runs from pharynx/esophagus to duodenum

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3
Q

Buccopharyngeal membrane

A

Rostral portion, dev. Of mouth

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4
Q

How does the lateral walls of foregut develop?

A

Branchial cleft
Pharyngeal bursa
Visceral arches

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5
Q

Branchial cleft

A

From external surface/ectoderm

Gives rise to external ear

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6
Q

Pharyngeal bursa

A 
Endoderm/internal layer
4 pairs
1- auditory tube, middle ear, guttural pouches
2- palatine tonsil
3- parathyroid gland and thymus
4- parathyroid gland
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7
Q

Visceral arches

A

Mesoderm/middle layer

Muscle, bone, cartilage= larynx, trachea, hyoid

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8
Q

Floor of primitive foregut

A 
Phase 3
Tongue (endoderm+mesoderm)
Thyroid glands (endoderm)
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9
Q

Invagination of respiratory tube

A

Phase 4
Tracheoesophageal septum formation (separates trachea+esophagus to ventral-dorsal)
Tracheal pulmonary buds (immature form of lungs)
Formation of bronchus and lower resp. tract

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10
Q

Congenital disorders

A

Pharyngeal reg: tyroglossal cysts
Laryngotracheal reg: tracheal hypoplasia, tracheoesophageal fistula
Lung reg: pulmonary hypoplasia, lobar hypotrophy of foal
Cysts

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11
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

Gaseous exchange

Olfactory/smell

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12
Q

Nostrils

A

External nasal openings

Bony/cartilaginous

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13
Q

Nasal cartilages

A

Cartilage of nasal septum
Dorsal lateral nasal cartilage=roof
Ventral lateral cartilage= floor
Alar cartilage= in equine, allows nostrils to expand

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14
Q

Philthrum

A

Groove from upper lip to nose tip

“Subnasal groove”

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15
Q

Rostral bone

A

In pigs only

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16
Q

Nasal conchae/turbines

A

Thin sheets of cartilage or bone surrounded by nasal mucosa
Dorsal
Ventral
Ethmoidal- most caudal, ethmoidal bone separates brain from nasal cavity

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17
Q

Nasal meatuses

A 
"Compartments"
Ventral-olfactory
Medial- sinusal
Ventral- respiratory
All communicates by common nasal meatus
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18
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A

Maxillary
Frontal
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal

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19
Q

Sinus

A

Air filled cavities
Decreases head weight
Protection
Heating air

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20
Q

Vomeronasal organ

A

Btw hard palate and nasal septum, communicating oral+nasal cavity (not equine)
Detects pheromones
Accessory olfactory system

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21
Q

Larynx

A 
Cartilagenous tube
Btw pharynx and trachea
Phonation organ
Protects respiratory system
Ventral to esophagus
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22
Q

Epiglottis

A

Most cranial

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23
Q

Thyroid

A

Biggest one
Ventral/lateral
Makes the floor and lateral walls of larynx
Articulates with hyoid

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24
Q

Cricoid

A

Caudal
Ring-shaped
Joins trachea caudally, thyroid cranially, arythenoids dorsally

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25
Arythenoids
Small Joins dorsally to epiglottis and thyroid Interarythenoid cartilage Vocal chords attach to muscular process and vocal process
26
Cuneiform process
On epiglottis
27
Corniculate process
On arythenoids
28
Ligaments of larynx
Cricothyroid- ventrally btw cricoid and thyroid | Cricoarythenoid- dorsally btw cricoid and arythenoid
29
Folds of larynx
Vestibular folds in carnivore+eq, cranial | Vocal folds- vocal chords caudally
30
Muscles of larynx
Cricothyroid- btw cricoid and thyroid, latitudinal Dorsal cricoarythenoid- btw cricoid and arythenoids, dorsally longitudinal Transverse arythenoid- btw arythenoids dorsally Ventricular muscle- cranial Vocal muscle- dorsal to ventricular M
31
Dilating muscles of larynx
Dorsal cricoarythenoid
32
Closing muscles of larynx
Lateral cricoarythenoid | Transverse arythenoid
33
Narrowing muscles of larynx
Ventricular | Cricothyroid
34
Extrinsic muscles of larynx
Fixes larynx | Moves it cranial or caudal
35
Intrinsic muscles of larynx
Most internal Very short Expand or contract
36
Vestibule
First cranial part of laryngeal cavity
37
Glottis
Intermediate part, narrower
38
Infraglottic cavity
Most caudal part
39
Laryngeal cavity
Prevents foreign bodies into resp. System Phonation Allows breathing
40
Trachea
Cartilagenous tube From larynx to lungs (cricoid to base of heart level) Cervical al thoracic portion
41
Carina
Bifurcation of trachea Divides into left and right main bronchus Pigs and ruminant have extra right tracheal bronchus
42
Trachea innervation
Vagosympathetic trunk Jugular vein Common carotid artery
43
Composition of trachea
``` Cartilagenous incomplete rings Annular ligaments between Tracheal muscle joins ring dorsally Equine- large egg shaped Dog- tracheal muscle above, egg shaped Pig- very round Ox- egg shaped (standing) with pointy cartilage ends ```
44
Pleura
Thin serous membrane covering lungs
45
Parietal pleura
Covers thoracic cavity, except lungs
46
Pulmonary ligaments
Costal Diaphragmatic Mediastenic
47
Visceral pleura
Covers directly lungs
48
Pleural cavity
Btw pulmonary/visceral pleura and parietal pleura
49
Pulmonary ligament
Caudally/ventrally to diaphragm fixing lungs to diaphragm
50
Recesses
Space/cavity Costodiaphragmatic- dorsal btw costal pleura and diaphragmatic pleura Costomediastenic- ventrally
51
Dorsal surface of lungs
Convex | Borders will "fall down"
52
Diaphragmatic surface of lungs
Caudal
53
Mediastenal surface of lungs
Medial surface | Pulmonary hilus/hilum
54
Costal surface of lungs
Dorsal | In contact with lungs
55
Fixation of lungs
Cranially by trachea | Dorsally by pulmonary ligament
56
Bronchial tre
``` Main/principal bronchus Lobar bronchi Segmental bronchi Bronchioli (less than 1mm, no cartilage rings) Respiratory bronchioles ```
57
Right side lung lobulation
Cranial lung lobe Middle lung lobe Caudal lung lobe Accessory lung lobe
58
Left side lung lobulation
Cranial lung lobe | Caudal lung lobe
59
General about lung lobulation
Cranial lung lobe can be divided into cranial/caudal portion All species have accessory lobe Ruminants most lobulated (2 portions of cranial, both sides) Equines have least lobulated (no middle lobe)
60
Functional circulatory system
Pulmonary arteries+veins | R ventricle to pulmonary artery
61
Nutritive circulatory system
Thoracic aorta (bronchial arteries), bronchial veins (azygous veins)
62
Lymphatic circulatory system
Mediastenic (above aorta), | tracheobronchial (carina level)
63
Nervous system
``` Vagus N (10) Sympathetic trunk ```
64
Thymus
Lymphatic organ next to heart
65
Diaphragm
Main inspiratory muscle Separates thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity Lumbar area to ziphoid process of sternum, oblique Derived from mesoderm
66
Diaphragmatic hernia
Defect allowing abdominal organs into thoracic cavity
67
Hiatal hernia
Esophageal hiatus fails to close
68
Central tendinous portion
Caudal vena cava hiatus- most ventral, canal foramen
69
Muscular ring of diaphragm
3 surfaces | Costal, sternal, lumbar
70
Causes of diaphragm
Left+right | Attaches to lumbar surface
71
Right crus
Esophageal hiatus Bigger/larger Vagal trunks
72
Left crus
Aortic hiatus Aorta+azygous vein Thoracic duct

Anatomy (17 decks)

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