Carbon monoxide... (1p) A) binds weakly to the globin of the hemoglobin B) binds to the heme of the hemoglobin C) binds more strongly than oxygen does D) both A & B E) both B & C
E) both B & C
The volume of air in a normal breath is called... (1p) A) total lung capacity. B) vital capacity. C) tidal volume. D) functional residual capacity. E) residual volume.
C) tidal volume
The inner layer of the articular capsule is a... A) fibrous membrane. B) ligament. C) articular membrane. D) synovial membrane. E) meniscus.
D) synovial membrane
All of the following are normal changes that occur in the respiratory system during exercise EXCEPT… (1p)
A) blood flow to the lungs increases.
B) oxygen diffusion rate across the respiratory membrane increases.
C) less carbon dioxide is produced in the muscles.
D) breathing rate increases.
E) depth of ventilation increases.
C) less carbon dioxide is produced in the muscles.
Approximately how much of the total CO2 in the blood is carried as bicarbonate? (1p) A) less than 40% B) 50% C) 60% D) 70% E) 90%
D) 70%
The term for oxygen deficiency in tissues or cells is... (1p) A) ischemia. B) hypoxia. C) hypocapnia. D) anemia. E) cyanosis.
B) hypoxia.
What are the tree major steps of Respiration?
- Ventilation - Moving air in and out of lungs
- External respiration - Gas exchange between alveoli and blood
- Internal respiration - Gas exchange between blood and cells
What are the three main functions of the nose?
- Filtering, warming and moistening incoming air
- Detect olfactory stimuli (smell)
- Modifying the vibrations of speech sounds
Another word for ‘‘Pharynx’’
“throat”
Which are the three main structures of the Nose?
- External nares
- Nasal cavity
- Internal nares
What is the structure of the pharynx?
Funnel-shaped(Trattformig tube from internal nares to larynx
What is the three main regions of the Pharynx?
- Nasopharynx; - Opening to nose, Adenoids and openings of auditory (Eustachian) tubes (hörselgångar)
- Middle: oropharynx; opening to mouth - Palatine and lingual tonsils are here
- Lower: laryngeal pharynx - Connects with both esophagus(food tube) and larynx: food and air
Another word for ‘‘auditory tubes’’
Eustachian
What is the structure of the Larynx?
Mucous membrane of larynx forms two pairs of
folds.
What is a Tracheostomy?
Tracheostomy: opening in
trachea for tube
What is the trachea built of?
Lined with pseudostratified
ciliated mucous membrane
Another word for ‘‘artificial
nose’’?
”Humidifier”=”artificial
nose”
Name the 6 steps of the bronchial tree
Trachea -> Main bronchi -> Lobar bronchi -> Segmental bronchi -> Bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles ->
Name 2 specifications of the small branchioles
1. Have less cartilage, more smooth muscle. In asthma, these airways can close. 2. Can be bronchodilated by sympathetic nerves, epinephrine, or related medications.
What is the differens between right and left lung
Right lung has 3 lobes
Left lung has 2 lobes and cardiac notch
The lungs are surrounded by — ?
surrounded by pleural membrane
What is the outer layer of the lungs called?
Parietal pleura
Which membrane surrounds the lungs?
Pleural membrane
Broad bottom of lungs = —-; pointy top = —–
base, apex
Alveoli is composed of three types of cells
Alveoli: composed of three types of cells
Type 1. Lined with thin alveolar cells (simple squamous);
sites of gas exchange
Type 2. Scattered surfactant-secreting cells. Surfactant:
- keeps alveoli from collapsing
- keeps alveoli from drying out)
Alveolar macrophages: “cleaners”
Which are the order of substance between a Alveolus cell and Red blood cells
- Red blood cells
- Capillary endothelium
- Capillary basement
- Interstitial space
- Epithelia basement membrane
- Alveolar cell
Volume and pressure are inversely related:
Volume and pressure are inversely related
As lung volume goes UP - alveolar pressure DOWN
As lung volume goes DOWN - alveolar pressure UP
INHALATION:
Contraction of diaphragm
lung volume UP , alveolar pressure DOWN so it is <
atmospheric pressure -> air enters lungs
Relaxation of diaphragm
lung volume DOWN, alveolar pressure DOWN so it is >
atmospheric pressure -> air leaves lungs
What happens during Pneumothorax?
Pneumothorax= Lungkollaps
Vid en lungkollaps har det kommit in luft i lungsäcken, som omger lungan. Då faller själva lungan ihop helt eller delvis och du får svårt att andas. En mindre lungkollaps läker ofta av sig själv. En större lungkollaps behandlas på sjukhus.
What is Tidal volume?
Volume moved in one
breath. Normal ~ 500 ml
What is Inspiratory reserve volume (ERV) when measuring with a spirometer?
Volume of air that can be inhaled beyond tidal volume (TV).
What is Expiratory reserve volume (IRV) when measuring with a spirometer?
Expiratory reserve volume (IRV) = volume of air
that can be exhaled beyond TV
What is residual volume (RV) when measuring with a spirometer?
Air remaining in lungs after a maximum expiration
Another word for deep breathing?
Diaphragmatic breathing: deep breathing
How much is one atmospherepressure?
101,3 kPa =760 mmHg