Respiratory system

Question 1

What are the features of the respiratory system (8)

Answer 1

Nasal cavity, Mouth, Trachea, Alveoli, Bronchiole, Bronchus, Lung, Diaphragm

Question 2

What are the five stages of the passage of air into the lungs

Answer 2

1) Air enters the body and is warmed as it travels through the mouth and nose.
2) It then enters the trachea.
3) The trachea divides into two bronchi. One bronchus enters each lung.
4) Each bronchus branches out into smaller tubes called bronchioles. Air travels through these bronchioles.
5) At the end of the bronchioles, the air enters one of the many millions of alveoli where gaseous exchange takes place.

Question 3

What is breathing

Answer 3

Breathing is the term given to the process of taking air into and out of the lungs.

Question 4

What feature of the body are used during inhalation and exhalation (4)

Answer 4

Sternocleidomastoid, lungs, diaphragm, intercostals

Question 5

Where are the intercostals found and what do they do

Answer 5

Between the ribs and they control the rib movement

Question 6

What is inspiration

Answer 6

Breathing in

Question 7

What is expiration

Answer 7

Breathing out

Question 8

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration

Answer 8

The diaphragm contracts and moves downwards.

Question 9

What happens to the intercostal muscles during inspiration

Answer 9

They contract and move the ribs upwards and outwards

Question 10

What decreases the air pressure in the lungs

Answer 10

Inspiration

Question 11

What happens to the diaphragm during expiration

Answer 11

The diaphragm relaxes and moves back to its domed shape

Question 12

What happens to the intercostal muscles during inspiration

Answer 12

The intercostal muscles relax so the ribs move inwards and downwards under their own weight.

Question 13

What increases the air pressure in the lungs

Answer 13

Expiration

Question 14

When exercise begins what can inspiration be assisted by and what does it do

Answer 14

The pectoral muscles and the sternocleidomastoid which help to lift the ribs up and out even further.

Question 15

What happens during exercise to expiration

Answer 15

A passive process of relaxation becomes active as the abdominal muscles pull the ribs downwards and inwards even further.

Question 16

Where does gaseous exchange occur

Answer 16

At the alveoli in the lungs

Question 17

What does gaseous exchange take place by

Answer 17

Diffusion

Question 18

What are the alveoli surrounded by

Answer 18

Capillaries

Question 19

What do the capillaries surrounding the alveoli allow

Answer 19

Oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse between the air in the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries.

Question 20

What is diffusion

Answer 20

The movement of gas from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 21

What concentration of oxygen is it in the alveoli

Answer 21

High

Question 22

What concentration of carbon dioxide is it in the alveoli

Answer 22

Low

Question 23

What does the concentration of the oxygen in the alveoli mean

Answer 23

Oxygen can diffuse from the alveoli into the blood

Question 24

What concentration of carbon dioxide is it in the blood

Answer 24

High

Question 25

What doe the concentration of carbon dioxide in the alveoli and blood mean

Answer 25

Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli

Question 26

Oxygen and Carbon dioxide are capable of combing with an iron-rich protein called what

Answer 26

Haemoglobin

Question 27

What is haemoglobin and what does it do

Answer 27

It is a substance in a red blood cell. Haemoglobin carries oxygen to be exchanged at the working muscle and carbon dioxide to be exchanged at the lung.

Question 28

What happens as the blood moves through the capillaries

Answer 28

As the blood moves through the capillaries in the alveoli, oxygen diffuses into it and carbon dioxide diffuses out of it

Question 29

How thick is the capillaries and alveoli

Answer 29

Both the capillaries and alveoli walls are very thin - just one cell thick

Question 30

What membranes are the capillaries and alveoli made from and what does this allow

Answer 30

They are made of semi-permeable membranes which allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through them.

Question 31

Describe the process of gaseous exchange at the muscles.

Answer 31

In the muscle there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide and in the bloodstream there is a high concentration of oxygen. Oxygen diffuses from the bloodstream into the muscles and carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood from the muscles.

Question 32

What is tidal volume

Answer 32

The amount of air breathed in with each normal breath

Question 33

What is the average tidal volume

Answer 33

0.5 litres (500 ml)

Question 34

What is Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 34

The maximum amount of additional air that can be taken into the lungs after a normal breath.

Question 35

What is Residual volume

Answer 35

The amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal out breath. This air helps to keep the lungs partially inflated to protect the microscopic structures from being damaged.

Question 36

What is Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 36

The maximum amount of additional air that can be forced out of the lungs after a normal breath.

Question 37

How can different lung volumes be shown

Answer 37

Spirometry trace.

Question 38

What happens to tidal volume during exercise and why

Answer 38

During exercise, tidal volume increases as the depth of breathing increases and the rate of breathing increases too. This has the effect of taking more oxygen into the body and removing more carbon dioxide.

Question 39

What does the cardio-respiratory work together for

Answer 39

To get oxygen to the working muscles and remove carbon dioxide from the body.

Question 40

What happens to the muscles during exercise

Answer 40

During exercise the muscles need more oxygen in order to contract and they produce more carbon dioxide as a waste product.

Question 41

What happens to the breathing depth due to the increased demand of oxygen by muscles

Answer 41

The breathing depth (tidal volume) and rate (frequency) increase this gets more oxygen into the lungs and removes more carbon dioxide out of the lungs.

Question 42

What happens to the heart rate due to the increased demand of oxygen by muscles

Answer 42

Heart rate increases – this increases the rate that oxygen is transported from the blood to the working muscles and carbon dioxide is transported from the working muscles to the lungs.

Question 43

What is a person's average resting heart rate

Answer 43

Around 60 bpm

Question 44

What is a person's average heart rate at the start of exercise

Answer 44

There is a steep increase and a person's heart rate reaches 145 bpm