Respiratory System and Muscles Flashcards
(50 cards)
1
Q
External Respiration
A
Exchange of air between the lungs and the environment
2
Q
Internal Respiration
A
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood cells and body cells
3
Q
Cellular Respiration
A
Reaction of glucose and oxygen into water, carbon dioxide, and ATP
4
Q
Nasal Cavity
A
- filters the air with cilia and mucus
- moistens and warms the air before it enters the lungs
5
Q
Pharynx
A
- proceeds the nasal cavity
- back of mouth
- branches into two openings
6
Q
Trachea
A
- mucus producing ciliated cells (secondary filter)
- supported by C-shaped cartilaginous bands (keeps it open)
7
Q
Cilia
A
Tiny hairlike structures that sweep away foreign debris
8
Q
Epiglottis
A
- supported by the larynx
- closes the trachea (glottis) when swallowing
9
Q
Larynx
A
- composed of two thin sheets of elastic ligaments that vibrate when air is forced out of them
- also known as vocal chords, voice box
- protected by a thick band of cartilage called the Adam’s apple
- above the trachea
10
Q
Bronchi
A
- proceeds the trachea as two tubes
- contains bands of cartilage
- carries air to left and right lungs
11
Q
Bronchioles
A
- proceeds the bronchi as multiple small airways
- muscles of the bronchi can decrease diameter
12
Q
Alveoli
A
- proceeds the bronchioles as tiny sacs
- surround by capillaries (pulmonary)
- lipoprotein prevents alveoli from adhearing
13
Q
Pleural Membrane
A
- surrounds the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner wall of the chest cavity
- fluid of low friction seperates the membranes making it easier to inhale
14
Q
Diaphram
A
- shaped liked a parachute
- seperates the chest and abdominal cavity
15
Q
Intercostal Muscles
A
- causes the ribs to move
- found between the ribs
16
Q
Breathing Movements
A
- Inhalation
Muscles in the diaphram contract/flex, diaphram flattens, decreases pressure in the chest cavity, increasing volume of the lungs, air is drawn into the lungs, external intercostal lift the ribs - Exhalation
Muscles in the diaphram expand/relax, diaphram extends, increases pressure in the chest cavity, decreasing volume of the lungs, air is forced out of the lungs, internal intercostals pull down the ribs
17
Q
Partial Pressure
A
The pressure a specific gas exerts when in a mixture
18
Q
Transportation of Oxygen in Blood
A
- mostly in hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin
- small amount dissolved in plasma (blood)
19
Q
Transportation of Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
A
- mostly within the bicarbonate buffer system
- some in carbaminoglobin (when hemoglobin releases oxygen to body cells and binds to carbon dioxide)
- small amount dissolved in plasma (blood)
20
Q
Hemoglobin
A
- composed of four polypeptides composed of heme (iron) and protein
- iron atoms bond to the oxygen dissolved in the plasma
- binding of oxygen increases the hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen
21
Q
Oxyhemoglobin
A
- hemoglobin bound to oxygen
- oxygen begins to dissociate at the capillaries when the partial pressure drops and the oxygen diffues into body tissue
22
Q
Carbonic Anhydrase
A
Catalyzes the reaction of carbonic acid (keeps the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the plasma low)
23
Q
Bicarbonate Buffer System
A
- carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate atoms and hydrogen ions
- hemoglobin binds to the hydrogen from the solution reducing the pH of the blood
- bicarbonate is transported in the venous blood
- when the venous blood reaches the lungs, oxygen bind to the hemoglobin casuging the hydrogen ions to dissociate from the hemoglobin
- hydrogen ions combine with the bicarbonate to form carbonic acid which then dissociates into carbon dioxide and water
- carbon dioxide is elimated through exhalation
24
Q
Carbon Dioxide Chemoreceptors
A
- primary monitoring system
- found in the medulla oblongata
- high levels of carbon dioxide, carbonic acid, hydrogen ions, sends a message to the respiratory muscles to increase breathing rate
25
Oxygen Chemoreceptors
- secondary monitering system (backup system when oxygen is low but carbon dioxide remains unaffected)
- found in the arteries (cartoid and aortic bodies)
- low levels of oxygen sends a message to the medulla to increase breathing rate
26
Heat Exchange
- more prominent in birds and mammals
- heat is exchange between blood vessels and air
27
Response to Exercise
- ventilation of alveoli can increase up to 20 times
- muscles produce more carbon dioxide and use more oxygen
- brain increases breathing movements
- lung exchanges more carbon dioxide and oxygen
- kidneys remove excess acid from blood
- release of epinephrine (adrenal glands) which increases breathing
28
Bronchitis
- inflammation of the bronchioles
- type of COPD
- caused by bacterial/viral infections, smoking
- results in narrowing of passages , tissue swelling, excess production of mucus, and decreased air movement through the bronchioles
29
Emphysema
- inflammation of the alveoli
- type of COPD
- mostly caused by smoking (can proceed from chronic bronchitis)
- results in the eventually rupturing of air sacs, difficulty exhaling, less surface area for gas exchange, decreased oxygen levels
30
Athasma
Narrowing of/spasms of the mucles around the airways in the bronchioles
31
Pneumothorax
- collapsed lung
- collection of air within the pleural membranes
- caused by illness or traumatic injury
- results in difficulty inhaling
32
Lung Cancer
Abnormal growth of cells in the lung causing a tumour (group of cancerous cells)
33
Total Lung Capactiy
Maximum amount of air that the lung holds
34
Vital Capacity
Maximum amount of air can be forcibly exhaled after a deep inhale
35
Tidal Volume
Amount of air exhaled or inhaled during a normal breath
36
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation
37
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation
38
Residual Volume
Remaining air left in the lungs after avalaible air is exhaled
39
Inspiratory Capacity
IRV + TV
40
Functional Reserve Capacity
ERV + RV
41
Cardiac Muscle
- heart muscles
- involuntary
- striated
- self-Excitatory
- contracts the heart and keeps blood flowing
42
Smooth Muscle
- lines many organs (mostly hollow)
- facilitates smooth muscle contractions (peristalsis)
- involuntary
- moves internal contents out of/through organs
43
Skeletal Muscle
- muscles attached to bones by tendons
- voluntary
- multinucleated
- striated
- controlled by the central nervous system
- always works in pairs (antagonistic muscles)
- enables movement, speech, blinking
- contributes to heat production
44
Skeletal Muscle Composition
- composed of bundles of cells called fiber
- fibers are enclosed in a membrane called sarcolemma
- fibers are made up myofilament bundles
- two main types: actin (thin, light) and myosin (thick, dark)
- an indivual section of myofilament is called a sarcomere
45
Slow Twitch Muscle Fibers
- contracts slowly and resist fatigue
- surrounded by more blood vessels and have more mitochondira
- Type I fibres
- are red
46
Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers
- contract quickly and gives more power
- depends on anaerobic energy
- rich in glycogen
- fewer blood vessels and mitochondria
- Type II fibres
47
Type IIA
- red fast
- intermediate resistance to fatigue
- long-term anaerobic activity
48
Type IIX
- white fast
- low resitance to fatigue
- short-term anaeromic activity
49
Tetanus
- state of constant contraction
- caused by bacteria
50
Muscle Spasms
- involuntary contraction of muscle
- caused by pinched nerve, dehydration, lack of sleep
