Respiratory System Chapter 21 Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
Upper Passageway
A
From nasal cavity to Larynx
2
Q
Lower Passageway
A
From trachea to alveoli
3
Q
Alveoli
A
- tiny air sacs, site of gas exchange
[Functional unit of the lung]
4
Q
Lungs
A
a collection of millions of alveoli and their blood vessels embedded in elastic connective tissue
5
Q
Basic function of the Respiratory system:
Conducting zone
A
pathway air travels
🔸️Air is filtered, warmed, and moistened
🔸️Includes structures from nose and nasal cavity to bronchioles
6
Q
Basic function of the Respiratory system:
Respiratory zone
A
where gas exchange occurs; alveoli
7
Q
Respiration
Definition & the 4 types:
A
process that provides body cells with oxygen and removes waste product carbon dioxide:
1. Pulmonary ventilation
2. Pulmonary gas exchange
3. Gas transport
4. Tissue gas exchange
8
Q
Respiration:
Pulmonary ventilation
A
-movement of air in & out of lungs
-First process of respiration is pulmonary ventilation
9
Q
Respiration:
Pulmonary gas exchange
A
movement of gases between Lungs and Blood
10
Q
Respiration:
Gas transport
A
movement of gases through blood
11
Q
Respiration:
Tissue gas exchange
A
movement of gases between blood and tissues
12
Q
6 Respiration homeostasis
A
1.Speech & Sound production
2. Sense of Smell
3. Assist with defecation, urination, and childbirth by increasing pressure in thoracic cavity
4. Assist with flow of venous blood and lymph
5. Maintaining acid-base balance
6. Produces angiotensin-II
13
Q
Nose and nasal cavity are entryway into…
A
respiratory system
14
Q
4 Nose and nasal cavity functions
A
- Warm & humidify air
- Filter debris from inhaled air and secrete antibacterial substances.
- Olfactory receptors
- Resonates of voice
15
Q
Anatomy of nasal cavity:
A
- Nasal cavity
- Vestibule
- Superior, inferior, and middle conchae
- Paranasal sinuses
16
Q
Anatomy of nasal cavity:
Nasal cavity
A
divided into left and right portions by nasal septum from nostrils (anterior nares) to posterior nares
17
Q
Anatomy of nasal cavity:
Vestibule
A
contain bristle-like hairs
18
Q
Anatomy of nasal cavity: Superior, inferior, and middle conchae
A
create turbulence
19
Q
Anatomy of nasal cavity: Paranasal sinuses
A
hollow cavities found within frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, and maxillary bones
20
Q
Warm and humidify air; also
A
enhance voice resonance and reduce weight of skull
21
Q
Most of nasal cavity is lined with
A
mucosa composed of PSCCE and goblet cells
Traps foreign particles in mucus ciliated cells move it toward posterior nasal cavity and pharynx
22
Q
Vestibule is lined with
A
Stratified Squamous Epithelium to resists mechanical stress
23
Q
Pharynx (throat) - three divisions:
A
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
24
Q
Pharynx: Nasopharynx
A
- posterior to nasal cavity; lined with PSCCE
- Extends from posterior nares to soft palate
25
Pharynx: Oropharynx
-posterior to oral cavity
- Extends from uvula to hyoid bone
- stratified squamous epithelium
26
Pharynx: Laryngopharynx
-hyoid bone to esophagus
- stratified squamous epithelium
27
Larynx or voice box
- houses Vocal cords
- Stratified Squamous epithelium Superior to vocal cords
28
Larynx composed of 9 pieces of cartilage:
(you just have to know 3)
1.Thyroid cartilage
2.Cricoid cartilage
3. Epiglottis
29
Larynx cartilage: Thyroid cartilage
largest of three unpaired sections ("Adam's apple)
30
Larynx cartilage: Cricoid cartilage
inferior to thyroid cartilage
31
Larynx cartilage: Epiglottis
posterior to thyroid cartilage
32
Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
close off glottis during swallowing; play no role in sound production
33
True vocal cords and Vocal ligaments
elastic bands; vibrate to produce sound when air passes over them
34
Trachea (windpipe)
(Tracheal cartilage) C shape cartilage rings
-lined with PSCCE & goblet cells
35
Right Primary bronchus
wider, shorter, and straighter than left
36
Secondary bronchi
one inside each lung; three on right and two on left
37
Tertiary bronchi
continue to branch smaller and smaller
38
Bronchioles
smallest airways
39
Terminal bronchioles →
Respiratory bronchioles
40
As airways divide and get smaller:
-Epithelium gradually changes from PSCCE to Cuboidal cells with cilia
-Amount of smooth muscle increases
-Hyaline cartilage decreases
41
Primary bronchi enters the left or right lung at the
Hilum
42
Alveolar ducts -> Alveolar sacs
grapelike clusters of alveoli (site of gas exchange)
43
Type I alveolar cells
(Simple Squamous cells)
44
Type II alveolar cells
(simple cuboidal cells)
produce surfactant
45
Alveolar macrophages
are mobile phagocytes
46
Right and left lungs are separated by
heart and mediastinum
47
The base of the lung is...
The Apex of the lung is...
•Base-Inferior
•Apex- Superior
48
Hilum of the Lung
where primary bronchi, blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit lung
49
Cardiac notch
an indentation or concavity present on the anterior border of the left lung.
50
How many lobes does the lung have? (right & left side)
Right lung-3(three) lobes
left lung - 2 (two) lobes
51
Each lung is found within what cavity?
pleural cavity
52
Parietal pleura
-outer layer of serous membrane
53
Visceral pleura
continuous with surface of lungs
54
Pleural membranes secrete...
a thin layer of serous fluid to lubricate surfaces of lungs as they expand and contract
55
pressure-volume relationship
provides driving force for pulmonary ventilation
55
Gas molecules move from areas of high pressure to
areas of low pressure
56
Boyle's law
pressure and volume of a gas are inversely
As volume increases pressure decrease and vise versa
57
Process of pulmonary ventilation consists of
inspiration and expiration
58
What are the 2 Inspiration muscles?
🔸️Diaphragm- main inspiratory muscle
🔸️External intercostals -muscles found between ribs
🔸️These muscles increase thoracic cavity volume along with lung volume
59
Maximal inspiration aided by contraction of
Sternocleidomastoid,
Pectoralis minor, and
Scalenes muscles
60
Recoil
decrease lung volume and raise intrapulmonary pressure above atmospheric pressure so air flows out of lungs
61
Maximum expiration muscles include
internal intercostals & abdominal muscles
62
Heimlich maneuver
delivering abdominal thrusts that push up on diaphragm
63
Nonrespiratory movements
not intended for ventilation, include yawns, coughs, sighs, sneeze, laughing, hiccups, crying, etc.
64
3 Pressures at work during ventilation:
1.Atmospheric pressure
2.Intrapulmonary pressure
3.Intrapleural pressure
65
Pressures at work during ventilation: Atmospheric pressure
at sea level atmospheric pressure is about 760 mm Hg
66
Pressures at work during ventilation: Intrapulmonary pressure
rises and falls with inspiration and expiration
67
Pressures at work during ventilation: Intrapleural pressure
rises and falls with inspiration and expiration; always below intrapulmonary pressure
68
Surfactant
reducing surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing during exhalation
69
Tidal volume (TV)
(Normal breathing)
amount of air inspired or expired during normal quiet ventilation (500ml)
70
Inspiration reserve volume (IRV)
volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal TV inspiration (1900 - 3100 ml)
71
Expiration reserve volume (ERV)
amount of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal tidal expiration (700-1200 ml)
72
Residual volume (RV)
air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration (~2100ml)
73
Pulmonary ventilation only brings... and removes...
new air into and removes oxygen-poor air from alveoli
74
Two processes are involved in gas exchange:
Pulmonary gas exchange & Tissue gas exchange
75
Two processes are involved in gas exchange: Pulmonary gas exchange
gas exchange involves exchange of gases between alveoli and blood
76
Two processes are involved in gas exchange: Tissue gas exchange
involves exchange of gases between blood in systemic capillaries and body's cells (Tissue)
77
Gas behavior
4 important factors that affect gas exchange
1. Pressure that a gas exerts
2. Surface area of respiratory membrane
3. Thickness of respiratory membrane
4. Ventilation-perfusion matching
78
Dalton's law of partial pressures
each gas in a mixture exerts its own pressure, called its partial pressure (Pgas); total pressure of a gas mixture is sum of partial pressures of all its component gases
79
Atmospheric pressure is...
(760 mm Hg)
80
Pulmonary gas exchange is what type of respiration?
(external respiration)
81
Hypoxemia
- low blood oxygen level; sign of severely impaired pulmonary gas exchange
82
Hypercapnia
high blood carbon dioxide level; sign of severely impaired pulmonary gas exchange
83
Thickness of respiratory membrane-
distance that a gas must diffuse
- Normal membrane is extremely thin
-Thickening of the membrane reduces exhange efficiency (inflammation)
84
Ventilation-perfusion matching
degree of match between amount of air reaching alveoli (ventilation) and amount of blood flow (perfusion) in pulmonary capillaries
85
Ventilation/perfusion ratio (VIQ)
measurement that describes this match; when affected by disease, called a mismatch
86
Tissue gas exchange is what type of respiration?
(internal respiration) is oxygen and carbon dioxide between blood and tissues
87
3 Factors affecting efficiency of tissue gas exchange include:
🔸️Surface area
🔸️Distance
🔸️Perfusion (blood flow) of tissue
88
Factors affecting efficiency of tissue gas exchange include: Surface area
Surface area available for gas exchange (of branched systemic capillaries); large enough to allow for gas exchange efficiency
89
Factors affecting efficiency of tissue gas exchange include: Distance
Distance over which diffusion must occur; less distance to diffuse results in more efficient gas exchange
90
Factors affecting efficiency of tissue gas exchange include: Perfusion
Perfusion of tissue-greater blood supply results in more efficient gas exchange
91
Oxygen transport is facilitated by
hemoglobin (Hb)
98.5 %
92
Hemoglobin is a
protein found in erythrocytes
93
Heme group consist of?
One iron atom and four He
94
Oxygen from alveoli binds to hemoglobin in
pulmonary capillaries; oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
95
Hb in systemic capillaries releases
oxygen to cells of tissues
96
Effect of affinity on hemoglobin saturation is determined by four factors:
1. Partial pressure of oxygen decrease
2. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide increase
3. Blood pH decrease
4. Blood temperature increases
97
1. Partial pressure of oxygen decrease
- Lower blood PO2; unloading reaction is favored as fewer O₂ molecules are available to bind to Hb
98
2. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide increase
-PCO2 increase, Hb binds oxygen less strongly so more oxygen is unloaded
99
3. Blood pH decrease
When pH decreases, Hb binds oxygen less strongly more oxygen is unloaded
100
4. Blood temperature increases
-Increasing temperature decreases Hb's affinity for oxygen; facilitates unloading reaction of oxygen into tissues; reverse also true
101
3 ways Carbon dioxide transportation happens
1. Dissolved in plasma (7%)
2. Bound to Hb (23%)
3. Bicarbonate ion (70%)
102
Bound to Hb (23%)
CO2 binds to Hb's protein component (not heme group that oxygen binds) - carbaminohemoglobin
103
Bicarbonate ion (70%)
CO2 quickly diffuses into erythrocytes
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes
104
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) catalyzes formula
CO₂+H₂O <-> H₂CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+
105
The PCO2 level in blood is determined by the following two factors:
Hyperventilation
Hypoventilation
106
Hyperventilation
-rate and/or depth of breathing increase; increases
amount of CO2 expired from lungs
107
Hypoventilation
-rate and/or depth of breathing decrease; causes
retention of CO2 (increases PCO2)
108
Euphea
normal breathing; one of the most vital functions the body carries out as the absence of breathing leads to death
109
Dypsnea
Difficulty breathing
110
Apnea
No breathing
111
Control of breathing is by neurons found in brainstem...
(The medulla and Pons)
specialized cells detect and monitor CO2 levels, H levels, and O2 levels in body
112
What ensures oxygen intake and carbon dioxide elimination?
Negative feedback loops and stretch receptors in lungs also ensure oxygen intake and carbon dioxide elimination match metabolic requirements
113
What controls ventilation and influences respiratory rhythm?
Medulla oblongata controls ventilation;
neurons in Pons influence
respiratory rhythm
114
Respiratory rhythm generator (RRG)
group of neurons that creates basic rhythm for breathing; found within a structure called the ventral respiratory column
115
What assist RRG?
Neurons found in medullary reticular formation assist RRG; known as ventral and dorsal respiratory groups
116
Ventral respiratory group (VRG)
found in anterior and lateral portion of medulla, contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons
117
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)
found in posterior medulla; primarily involved in inspiration
118
Chemoreceptors
are specialized cells that respond to changes in the concentration of a specific chemical
119
Chemoreceptors: What triggers hyperventilation?
High PCO2 or H* concentration triggers hyperventilation
120
Chemoreceptors: What triggers hypoventilation?
Low PCO2 or H+ concentration triggers hypoventilation
121
Chemoreceptors: Most sensitive to?
Most sensitive to PO2 in arterial blood
122
Central Chemoreceptors
neurons in medullary reticular formation
Detects changes in both CO2 and H* concentrations CSF
