Respiratory System Exam 3 Flashcards by Brooklyn Underwood

What contributes to homeostasis functions of the respiratory system

Move air into and out of lungs
Gas Exchange
-Intake of O2 -> deliver to cells
-Remove CO2 from body cells
Regulate blood pH
Smell, vocal sounds, filter air
Excrete small amounts of water and heat

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What disrupts homeostasis functions of the respiratory system

Cell death from O2 starvation
Build up of waste products

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Structural Classification of respiratory system

Upper respiratory track
-Nose
-Nasal Cavity
-Pharynx

Lower respiratory track
-Larynx
-Trachea
-Bronchus
-Lungs

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What are the two functional classification sections of the respiratory system

Conducting Zone
Respiratory Zone

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What does the Conducting Zone do

Conducts air into lungs

-Consists of nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

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What does the Respiratory Zone do

Main site of gas exchange

-Consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli

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What are the functions of the nose and nasal cavity

Warm, moisten, filter incoming air
Detect olfactory stimuli
Modify speech vibrations (resonance chambers)

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What does the epiglottis flap do

At rest it is upright -> allow it to pass into larynx and lungs

Eating the flap cover the top of the windpipe -> food does not go into larynx or lungs

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Pharynx

Known as throat
Passageway for air and food
Resonating chamber
Has Tonsils (lymphoid tissue)

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Larynx

Protect lower airways (close larynx to allow food to pass)
Swallowing
Phonation (vocal cords)
Made up of hyoid bone & cartilage
Has Adams apple

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Trachea: composed of, connection, location

Bony tube anterior to esophagus
16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
Flexible (does not collapse)
Posterior soft tissue (expand esophagus)
Connects larynx to lungs
Divides right and left primary bronchi

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What are the smaller divisions of the lungs

Lung -> lobes -> segment -> lobules

(Right has three lobes, left has two)

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Bronchial Tree: composed of, epithelium, cells

-Amount of cartilage decreases and smooth muscle increases further down track (creates more branches)
—Muscle spams produce bronchoconstriction

-Mucous membrane in bronchial tree changes
—From different ciliated epithelium to mostly nonciliated epithelium in terminal bronchioles

-Presence of Globet Cells

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Bronchi Regulation: autonomic control, bronchodilation, bronchoconstriction

Autonomic Control
-Regulates smooth muscle

Bronchodilation
-dilate airways
-caused by sympathetic ANS activation
-reduces resistance

Bronchoconstriction
-caused by parasympathetic system ANS ACh activation and histamine release (allergic reactions)

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Bronchopulmonary Segments: tertiary segment, lobule, terminal

-Tertiary segmental bronchi -> supply air to segment (has lobules)
-Lobule have branch from terminal bronchioles that connect to respiratory bronchioles
-Terminal bronchioles represent END of conducting zone

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Respiratory Bronchioles: components and alveoli cells

Lead to alveolar ducts -> ducts end at sacs composed of alveoli

Alveoli are small air-filled chambers where gas exchange between air and blood happens
(grapes and vine)

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Lobules of the lungs: pulmonary, composed of, terminal, aveoli

-Pulmonary Lobule is functional unit of lung
-Lobule has lymphatic vessel, arteriole, venule, terminal bronchiole
-Terminal bronchioles originate respiratory bronchioles which have alveoli budding from walls (gas exchange)
-Aveoli surrounded by pulmonary capillaries

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Epithelium of Alveoli: Type II Cells

AKA: Granular Pneumocytes or Septal Cells

-Thicker and rounded cells w/ inclusion bodies or cytosomes
-Secrete surfactant (reduce surface tension, easier for alveoli to expand)

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Epithelium of Alveoli: Type I Cells

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AKA: Pneumocytes

-Flat squamous cells w/ large cytoplasmic extensions
-Thin barrier permeable to gases (gas exchange main site)

Epithelium of Alveoli: Alveolar Macrophages or Dust Cells

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Remove dust particles
Remove debris from alveolar sacs

External Respiration

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Conversion of deoxygenated blood into oxygenated blood (only in lungs)

Pulmonary gas exchange by simple diffusion
-O2 from alveolar air -> O2 into blood
-unloads CO2 from blood -> CO2 into alveolar air
CO2 eliminated from blood during exhalation

Gas exchange in external respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2

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Exchange of O2
-partial pressure of O2 in air lower than blood
-O2 diffuses from air into RBC

Exchange of CO2
partial pressure of CO2 in air lower than in blood
CO2 diffuses from RBC to air in lungs

Internal Respiration

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Exchanges of gas between systemic circulation and tissue cells -> systemic gas exchange

Blood picks up CO2 from tissue cells and unloads O2 into tissue cells

Gas exchange in internal respiration: exchange of O2 and CO2

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Exchange of O2
pressure of O2 in interstitial fluid is lower than blood
O2 diffuses from blood into tissue

Exchange of CO2
pressure of Co2 in blood is lower than in interstitial fluid
CO2 diffuses from tissue cells into RBC

Transport of Oxygen: plasma and oxyhemoglobin

only 2% of O2 dissolved in plasma 98% as Oxyhemoglobin of O2 is bound to Hb in RBC -only dissolved O2 portion can diffuse out of blood into cell -O2 must bind and dissociate from heme in Hb

Hemoglobin Saturation

-amount O2 bound to Hb related to pressure of O2 -Hb saturation -> % of heme units in Hb that contain bound O2 -↑ pO2 increases % of Hb saturation

Factors affecting Hb saturation

-Decreases in pH* -Increase in pCO2* -Increase in temperature -Increase in DPG in erythrocytes

CO2 is by product of aerobic metabolism. What are the three ways in which CO2 can be transported in the bloodstream

Dissolved in plasma -diffuses into alveolar air and exhaled Bound to Hb Converted to Carbonic Acid -Rxn occurs un plasma and in RBC -Faster in RBC bc of enzyme carbonic anhydrase

Gas exchange in tissue

Blood picks up CO2 from tissue cells and unloads O2 into tissue cells HCO3- out and Cl- in

Gas exchange in alveoli

Blood picks up O2 from air and unloads CO2 into air HCO3- in and Cl- out

Pulmonary Ventilation

Air into lungs -> pressure in lungs < pressure in atm Air out of lungs -> pressure in lungs > pressure in atm

Inhalation is an active process

-Contract of pec muscles -Diaphragm contracts -> pulls bottom of cavity down -Ribcage moves up and out (more room lowers pressure to get air in)

Exhalation if a passive process

Muscles and diaphragm relax Rib drop-down -> cavity decreases (less room, air out)

Respiratory Center: contains what, what are the three areas

Contains motor neurons that control respiratory muscles Based on function area is divided into three areas -Medullary rhythmicity (in medulla oblongata) -Pneumotaxic area (in pons) -Apneustic area (in pons)

Medullary Respiratory or Rhythmicity Area

controls basic rhythm of respiration

Inspiratory or Dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Functions in quiet breathing Neurons fire automatically

Expiratory or Ventral respiratory group (VRG)

functions only in forced breathing

Medullary Rhythmicity Area

impulses to the external and internal intercostal muscles and to diaphragm -> different nerves involved

Quiet breathing or inspiration: Active and Inactive

Active (2 seconds) -Diaphragm and external intercostals actively contract -Normal quiet inhalation Inactive (3 seconds) -Diaphragm and external intercostals relax, followed by recoil of chest wall and lungs -Normal quiet exhalation

Inspiratory area establishes the _______ ________ of breathing

basic rhythm

Forceful Breathing

Inspiratory Area -> muscles contract -> forceful inhale Inspiratory Area activates expiratory area -> internal intercostal and ab muscles contract -> forceful exhale

Apneustic Areas

-Helps turn off inspiratory area, limit inspiration to prevent overexpansion of lungs -Transmits inhibitory impulses to inspiratory area to shorten duration of inhalation (more active = rapid rate)

Pneumotaxic Areas

-Send stimulatory impulses to inspiratory area -Activates area and prolongs inhalation -Stimulation results in long and deep inhalation -Signals from apneustic area are overridden when area is active

Rhythm of respiration can by modified by inputs from

brain peripheral & central receptors other factors temp, irritation of airways

Regulation of Respiratory Center

-Cerebral complex has connections with respiratory center -Voluntary control is protective -> prevent water or gas in -Refuse to breathe -> breath resume from pressure or pass out and breath resume

Respiratory System Exam 3 Flashcards

(45 cards)