Respiratory System pt. II

Question 1

Barometric pressure (Bp)

Answer 1

Pressure of air outside the body

Question 2

Alveolar pressure (P sub A)

Answer 2

Air in alveoli that exerts pressure

Question 3

Intrapleural Pressure (P sub IP)

Answer 3

Pressure in the pleural cavity between visceral and parietal pleura

Question 4

Why does air move?

Answer 4

There is a pressure gradient. For air to go in, barometric pressure has to be greater than alveolar pressure. For air to go out, alveolar pressure is higher than barometric pressure.

Question 5

What do you do to decrease alveolar pressure?

Answer 5

Lower diaphragm to increase thoracic cavity volume to make alveolar pressure drop. Alveoli is in thoracic cavity and their pressure will also drop.

Question 6

How do you increase alveolar pressure?

Answer 6

Diaphragm needs to go up to decrease the size of the thoracic cavity and it will increase the alveolar pressure.

Question 7

What is the start of breathing?

Answer 7

The diaphragm contracts (moves down)

Question 8

What muscles help lift your rib cage when breathing?

Answer 8

Pectoralis minor muscles, scalene muscles sternocleidomastoid muscle, serratus anterior muscles

Question 9

What is elastic recoil?

Answer 9

Allows the lungs to return to its resting size

Question 10

What muscles are used for exhalation forcefully?

Answer 10

Internal innercoastal muscles pull ribs down and back.
Abdominal muscles

Question 11

For a lung to work, what needs to happen?

Answer 11

Intrapleural pressure must be less than alveolar pressure

Question 12

How does elastic recoil affect alveoli?

Answer 12

When alveoli pressure is more than barometric pressure, the elasticity in alveoli helps push the air out

Question 13

What happens when someone has emphysema?

Answer 13

They lose elasticity in their alveoli, they work to breathe in

Question 14

Anything that decreases the elastic recoil, will…

Answer 14

Make it harder work to breathe out even at rest

Question 15

What are the pulmonary volumes

Answer 15

Tidal Volume (TV), Expiratory Reserve Volume(ERV), Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV), Residual Volume(RV)

Question 16

What is Tidal Volume?

Answer 16

The normal volume of air expired after a normal inspiration.
Normal healthy adult volume: 500 ml

Question 17

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

Answer 17

The amount of air that you can expire after expiring a normal tidal volume

Normal adult ~ 1.0-1.2 L

Question 18

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)?

Answer 18

The amount of air you can breathe in after inspiration of a volume equivalent to a tidal volume

Normal adult~3.3L

Question 19

Why is IRV more than ERV?

Answer 19

It gives more ability to bring in more air

Question 20

What is Residual Volume (RV)?

Answer 20

Amount of air trapped in alveoli

Normal adult ~1.2 L

Question 21

Vital Capacity (VC)

Answer 21

Largest volume of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs.

VC = RV + ERV+ TV+ IRV

           OR

VC = total lung capacity - RV

Question 22

What is the difference between vital capacity and residual volume?

Answer 22

Vital capacity is air that you can move but residual volume is air that you can’t move.

Question 23

What can affect your vital capacity?

Answer 23

The size of the thoracic cavity

Posture can change bc changing body position can change how much volume of thoracic cavity can change

Blood volume- more blood, less room for air

Excessive fluid in pleural or abdominal cavities (can compress the lungs)

Emphysema - loss of elastic recoil allows air to be trapped in the lungs ; increase in RV, decreases vital capacity

Question 24

What is Inspiratory capacity? (IC)

Answer 24

The volume of air you can breathe in after a normal expiration.
Normal adult: 3.5-3.8L
IRV+TV

Question 25

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

Answer 25

Volume of air that is in your lungs after a normal expiration Normal is 2.2-2.4 L

Question 26

Alveolar Ventilation

Answer 26

Is a volume of air that gets to gas exchange surfaces in the lungs

Question 27

Anatomical dead space

Answer 27

The volume of air that is not involved in gas exchange and SHOULDN’T be. Is normal

Question 28

Physiological dead space

Answer 28

Abnormal; the volume of air that is not involved in gas exchange but SHOULD be

Question 29

Types of breathing

Answer 29

Eupnea, Hyperpnea, Hyperventilation, Hypoventilation, Dyspnea, Orthopnea, Apnea, Apneusis, Respiratory Failure

Question 30

Eupnea

Answer 30

Normal quiet breathing 12-20 resp/min

Question 31

Hyperpnea

Answer 31

Increased in respiration because of increase in oxygen rate Ex: exercise

Question 32

Hyperventilation

Answer 32

Increase in breathing without an increase in oxygen demand; voluntary

Question 33

Hypoventilation

Answer 33

Decrease pulmonary ventilation resulting in elevated blood CO2.

Question 34

Dsypnea

Answer 34

Difficult breathing and person is aware of it

Question 35

Orthopnea

Answer 35

Dyspnea when lying down, relieved sitting or standing ;fluid in lungs

Question 36

Apnea

Answer 36

Temporary cessation of breathing after a normal expiration Ex: swallowing, sleep apnea (abnormal)

Question 37

Apneusis

Answer 37

Temporary cessation of breathing after a normal inspiration

Question 38

Respiratory Failure

Answer 38

Stopping to breathe permanently.