Respiratory Tract Infection Flashcards by Holly Grey

What is specific Ab in upper tract?

IgA

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What is the specific Ab in lower tract?

IgE

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Describe the muco-ciliary escalator defence

Goblet cells produce mucus which traps pathogens
Constant beating of cilia push pathogens upwards + out

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What also happens to enhance removal of pathogens?

Coughing + sneezing propel pathogens out of the body

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Describe the alveolar macrophage defence

Don’t proliferate + divide
Just remain at steady state in alveoli
ONLY renew in inflammation

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What is contained in the normal biota in the respiratory tract?

Gram-positive bacteria
eg. streptococci + staphylococci

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When does gram-positive bacteria become harmful in the respiratory tract of biota?

Host becomes immunocompromised
OR
Transferred to other hosts

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What are the upper respiratory diseases?

Rhinitis
Sinusitis
Acute otitis media
Pharyngitis/ tonsilitis

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What is rhinitis known as?

Common cold

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What are the symptoms of rhinitis?

Sneezing
Scratchy throat
Runny nose

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What is the cause organism of rhinitis?

Viruses

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What is the mode of transmission of rhinitis?

Indirect contact
Droplet contact

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What are the virulence factors for rhinitis?

Attachment proteins

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What is the diagnosis for rhinitis?

NOT necessary

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What is the prevention of rhinitis?

Hygiene control

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What is the treatment for rhinitis?

Symptoms only

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What is sinusitis caused by?

Allergy or bacteria

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What are the symptoms of sinusitis?

Nasal congestion
Facial swelling
Discharge green or yellow = bacteria
Discharge clear = allergy

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What happens in acute otitis media (ear infection)?

Inflammation of Eustachian tubes = build up of fluid in middle ear
= bacteria can migrate
= puss production + fluid secretion

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What is chronic otitis media?

When fluid remains in middle ear for indefinite periods of time

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What are the symptoms of otitis media?

Pain in ear
Loss of hearing
Untreated = eardrum rupture

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What is pharyngitis?

Inflammation of the throat

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What are the symptoms of pharyngitis?

Pain + swelling
White packets of inflammatory products
Foul-smelling breath

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What can cause pharyngitis?

Bacteria = streptococcus pyogenes
Most severe
Viruses

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What is the mode of transmission for pharyngitis?

Droplet or direct contact

What is the diagnosis for pharyngitis?

Beta-hemolytic on blood agar

What is the prevention for pharyngitis?

Hygiene partcices

What is the treatment for pharyngitis?

Bacteria treatment only Penicillin, cephalexin = penicillin allergy

What are the distinctive features in pharyngitis?

Bacteria = more severe Virus = hoarseness

What are diseases that affect the upper and lower respiratory tract?

Whopping cough Respiratory syncytial virus (RVS) Influenza Covid

What is whooping cough known as?

Pertussis

What are the 2 stages of whooping cough?

Catarrhal = UPPER Paroxysmal = LOWER

Describe catarrhal stage

Cold symptoms Lasts 1-2 weeks

Describe paroxysmal stage

Severe + uncontrollable coughing Burst blood vessels in eyes + vomiting Long recovery

What is the mode of transmission for whooping cough?

Droplet contact

What is the prevention for whooping cough?

Acellular vaccine Contacts = erythromycin

What is the treatment for whooping cough?

Erythromycin to decrease communicability

What is the vaccine process for whooping cough?

6 in 1 vaccine in babies 8-12-16 weeks 4 in 1 booster in pre-school age

Describe the pertussis toxin mechanism

Act on alpha i subunits Locks subunit into inactive configuration = increased cAMP = in airways cAMP accumulates = cough

What does RVS produce?

Giant multinucleated cells

What group is RVS most prevalent in?

Newborns

What are the symptoms of RVS?

Fever Rhinitis Pharyngitis Oitis

What can serious infections of RVS cause?

Coughing Wheezing Dyspnea Rales

What is the mode of transmission of RVS?

Droplet Indirect contact

What is the diagnosis for RVS?

Direct antigen testing

What is the prevention for RVS?

Passive Ab in high-risk children

What is the treatment for RVS?

Just treat symptoms BUT if weak immune system = ribavirin (antiviral) = blocks RNA polymerase

What is the mechanism of action for RVS?

Depends on RVS fusion protein = can break cell membrane of cell then go inside Causes the infected cells to fuse together

What are the symptoms of influenza?

Headache, chills, dry cough, aches, fever, stuffy nose, sore throat + extreme fatigue

What is the cause of influenza?

Influenza A, B + C viruses

What is the mode of transmission for influenza?

Droplet contact Direct contact Indirect contact

What is the diagnosis for influenza?

Viral culture OR PCR test

What is the prevention of influenza?

Injected or inhaled vaccine Taken annually

What is the treatment for influenza?

Amantadine Rimantadine Zanamivir

What are the 2 mechanisms that influenza work by?

Antigenic drift Antigenic shift

Describe what happens in antigenic drift

Alteration of viral antigens Change in sequence Ab can no longer bind

Describe what happens in antigenic shift

RNA in virus segmented 2 viral strains can combine to form new strain = B cells + T cells generated following exposure to virus may not be protective against new virus

What is the mode of transmission for covid?

Respiratory droplets

What are the symptoms of covid?

Fever Cough Difficulty breathing Muscle pain Tiredness

What is the prevention for covid?

Avoid infected Wash hands Vaccines Face mask

Why can't covid undergo antigenic shift?

Because RNA isn't segmented

What are the diseases that affect the lower respiratory tract?

Pneumonia Tuberculosis

What is pneumonia?

Inflammatory condition of lung in which fluid fills the alveoli

What can pneumonia be caused by?

Viral = milder Bacteria

What are the symptoms of pneumonia?

Headache Fever Chest pain Cough Discoloured sputum

What does pneumonia affect?

Starts in bronchi then fluid builds up in alveoli

What is the most severe bacterium cause of pneumonia?

Streptococcus pneumoniae

What is the transmission mode for pneumonia?

Droplet contact Endogeous transfer

What is the prevention for pneumonia?

Vaccine

What is the treatment for pneumonia?

Antibiotics eg. cefotaxime, clarithromycin

What is TB caused by?

Bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis

What are the 2 parts of TB?

Laten infection TB disease

What is the latent infection?

Bacteria present BUT kept under control by immune system

What is the TB disease?

Bacteria causes the disease

Describe someone with latent

NO symptoms Can't spread Normal chest x-ray + negative sputum

How can latent be diagnosed?

Skin or blood test

Does latent TB need to be treated?

YES = prevent disease from occuring

Describe someone with TB disease

Symptoms Can spread bacteria Abnormal chest x-ray + positive sputum

What are the symptoms of TB?

Bad cough >3 weeks Chest pain Coughing blood or sputum Fatigue Fever Sweating at night

What is the treatment for latent TB?

3–9-month course of 1-2 antibiotics

What are the most common antibiotics prescribed for latent TB?

Isoniazid, rifapentine + rifampin

What is the treatment for TB disease?

6-9-month course of 2-4 or more antibiotics

What are the most common antibiotics prescribed for TB disease?

Isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide + ethambutol

What happens if people get given treatment for TB disease?

Improve within few weeks No longer contagious after several weeks of treatment if correct medication

Describe the infection process of TB

Inhaled droplets Droplets in alveoli Infected macrophages Clearance = latent Reactivation = TB disease Granuloma formation Granuloma maturation Caseating granuloma

Why does the granuloma break in TB disease?

When the patient doesn't adhere to their medications

Respiratory Tract Infection Flashcards

(86 cards)