Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

Question

What is the pathological characterisation of TB?

Answer 1

Delayed type IV hypersensitivity and granulomas with necrosis.

Answer 2

People from high incidence countries. Immunocompromised patients. People in prison, homeless or drug addicts.

Answer 3

This is the first infection a patient has with TB

Answer 4

1. Inhaled pathogens are phagocytosed. 2. They are then carried to the hilar lymph nodes. 3. This activates the immune system after a few weeks. 4. This leads to a granulomatous response in the nodes and lung. 5. This will eventually kill the organism But is a few cases the infection will overwhelm and spread.

Answer 5

This is when there is a reinfection or reactivation of disease in a person with some immunity. This disease tends to remain fairly localised, often in the apices of the lung. But it can progress to spread by the airways or blood stream

Answer 6

The immune system contains the initial infection and the patient develops cell-mediated immune memory of the bacteria - latent TB. This latent TB will then be reactiveated years later.

Answer 7

Small focuses called GHON FOCUSES in the periphery of the mid zone of the lung. Large Hilar nodes

Answer 8

When primary TB develops, there is formation of caseour granulomas surrounded by epithelioid cells and langhans giant cells. When the infection has passed the caseous areas heal can become calcified. Some of these calcified nodlues can contain bacteria which is contained by the immune system and can lay dormant for years. These nodules are called Ghon Focuses.

Answer 9

Fibrosing and cavitating apical lesions. ( Cancer is an important differential diagnosis).

Answer 10

This is a disease that occurs throught the haematogenous spread of bacilli to mulitple sites

Answer 11

The patient has decreased T cell function due to - Age Coincident disease (HIV) Immunosuppressive Therapy The patient is reinfected at a high dose or with a more virulent organism.

Answer 12

We can take microbiological samples to look for the presence of mycobacterium. Biopsy using special stains

Answer 13

Common cold Sore throat - pharyngitis Sinusitis Epiglottis

Answer 14

``` Influenza A Influenza B RSV Metapnemovirus Rhinovirus Coronavirus Parainfluenza Adenovirus Enterovirus Parechovirus Mycoplasma pneumoniae - not a virus but it is detected ```

Answer 15

This is a streptococcal infection | It is a bacterial infection that causes swelling of the throat

Answer 16

``` Exudate Pus formation Sore throat Dysphagia Dysphonia ```

Answer 17

This is usually caused by bacterial infection, in particular, beta haemolytic streptococcus

Answer 18

``` Swollen tonsils Erythematous Dysphagia Dysphonia Recurrent Tonsilitis ```

Answer 19

If it is betahaemolytic steptococcus, it can be treated with penicillin V A tonsilectomy can be done in cases of recurrent tonsilitis

Answer 20

This is a complication of tonsilitis where there are peri-tonsillar abscesses filled with pus. They usually cross across the midline into the other side of the mouth. These can be drained.

Answer 21

This is usually caused by a bacterial infection of the epiglottis mainly caused by HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE TYPE B. This is a life threatening condition as it can lead to airway blockage.

Answer 22

This requires immediate endotrachial intubation and intravenous antibiotics (CEFTAZIDIMINE)

Answer 23

This is an acute VIRAL infection of the nasal passages often accompanied by a sore throat and occasional mild fever. It is spread by droplets and fomites.

Answer 24

Sinusitis | Acute bronchitis

Answer 25

Most commonly rhinovirus infection. | Also adenovirua, RSV and coronavirus

Answer 26

This is an infection of the paranasal sinuses.

Answer 27

Most commonly bacterial infection with streptococcus pneumoniae or haemophilus influenza. It can sometimes be caused by fungal infection.

Answer 28

Frontal headache Retro-orbital pain Maxillary sinus pain Tooth ache discharge

Answer 29

This is normally preceeded by a common cold and has purulent nasal discharge. It has a mostly viral aetiology but some require antibiotics

Answer 30

This is a life threatening condition caused by toxin production. There is a characteristic pseudo-membrane but this condition is not usually seen in the UK.

Answer 31

Acute bronchitis | Acute exacerbation of COPD

Answer 32

This is a bacterial infection often described as a cough that goes to the chest. There is often thickening of the bronchiole walls. It is often proceeded by a viral infection. It is more likely to occur in patients with COPD or in smokers.

Answer 33

``` Productive cough Fever in the minority of cases Normal chest examination Normal chest X-ray Transistent wheeze ```

Answer 34

Streptococcus pneumoniae | Haemophilus influenzae

Answer 35

It is usually self limiting and antibiotics arent required, however there are cases when amoxicillin is required in more serious illness.

Answer 36

``` Increased sputum production Increased sputum purulence More wheezy Breathlessness These must be in excess of normal symptoms ```

Answer 37

``` Respiratory distress Wheeze Coarse crackles Cyanosis Ankle oedema in advanced disease. ```

Answer 38

We would prescribe - An antibiotic - doxycycline or amoxicillin Bronchodilator inhalers In some cases a short course of steroids.

Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

(62 cards)