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Respiratory Anatomy & Disease Mechanisms > Respiratory Tract Infections (DISEASE MECHANISMS) > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Infections (DISEASE MECHANISMS) Flashcards

(55 cards)

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1
Q

What is included under upper respiratory infections?

A

Coryza (common cold)
Pharyngitis (sore throat)Sinusitis
Epiglottitis

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2
Q

What is included under lower respiratory infections?

A

Acute bronchitis
Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
Pneumonia
Influenza

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3
Q

What is coryza?

A

Acute inflammation of the nasal passages

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4
Q

What are the symptoms of coryza?

A 
Sore throat (often)
Mild fever (37.5 (sometimes)
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5
Q

What are the possible complications of coryza?

A

Sinusitis

Acute bronchitis

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6
Q

What is the recommended treatment for coryza?

A

Rest and paracetamol

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7
Q

How does coryza spread?

A

Droplets

Fomites

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8
Q

What causes coryza?

A

Adenovirus
Rhinovirus
Respiratory syncytial virus

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9
Q

Which virus causes respiratory disease in children?

A

Respiratory syncytial virus

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10
Q

What precedes acute sinusitis?

A

Common cold

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11
Q

What symptom indicates acute sinusitis?

A

Purulent nasal discharge

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12
Q

Where can acute sinusitis in the ethmoid sinuses spread?

A

Eyes and brain

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13
Q

What is the danger in acute sinusitis of the cavernous sinuses?

A

Cain fact/block the carotid artery and CN III - can be fatal

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of acute tonsillitis and quinsy?

A

Painful to eat & hard to breathe

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15
Q

Why should you NEVER blindly cut open the quinsy to drawn pus?

A

Because the carotid artery runs down the quinsy

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16
Q

Why is diphtheria life-threatening?

A

Toxin production

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17
Q

What is characteristic of diphtheria?

A

Pseudomembrane

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18
Q

Why is acute epiglottis life-threatening in children?

A

Obstruction - swelling of the epiglottis blocks the larynx

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19
Q

What symptom indicates acute epiglottis in children?

A

Hot runny nose (because can’t swallow own saliva)

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20
Q

How do you treat acute epiglottis in children?

A

One attempt at intubation; if fails - emergency tracheostomy

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21
Q

What should you NOT do if suspect acute epiglottis in a child? Why?

A

Ask them to open their mouth - will cough & obstruct the airway and die

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22
Q

What priced acute bronchitis?

A

Common cold

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23
Q

How does chronic bronchitis present clinically?

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A

Productive cough (possibly sputum)
Minority have fever
Normal chest exam & X-ray
May have transient wheeze

24
Q

How is acute bronchitis treated?

Study These Flashcards
A

Usually self-limiting
No antibiotics (usually)
Significant morbidity in patients with chronic lung disease

25
What is the incubation time of the rhinovirus?
1-5 days
26
What is the incubation time of group A streptococci?
1-5 days
27
What is the incubation time of influenza & para-influenza virus?
1-4 days
28
What is the incubation time of RSV?
7 days
29
What is the incubation time of pertussis?
7-21 days
30
What is the incubation time of diphtheria?
1-10 days
31
What is the incubation time of the Epstein-Barr virus?
4-6 weeks
32
What are the clinical features of acute exacerbations of COPD?
Usually preceded by URTI Increase sputum production and purulence More wheezy Breathless
33
What would be expected upon examination of a patient with acute exacerbations of COPD?
``` Respiratory distress Wheeze Coarse crackles May be cyanosed Ankle oedema in advanced disease ```
34
How are acute exacerbations of COPD treated in primary care?
Antibiotic (doxycycline/amoxicillin) Bronchodilator inhaler Sometimes short steroid course
35
When should a patient with acute exacerbation of COPD referred to hospital?
Evidence of respiratory failure | ot coping at home
36
How would acute exacerbation of COPD be managed in hospital?
Same as in primary care AND ... Measure ABGs CXR to look for other disease Give O2 if in respiratory failure
37
The presence of what (3) in the alveoli would indicate pneumonia?
Neutrophils Lymphocytes Macrophages
38
What are the symptoms of pneumonia? (15)
``` Malaise Anorexia Sweats Rigors (Shaking/shivering) Myalgia Arthralgia Headache Confusion Cough (due to pus in chest) Pleurisy Haemoptysis (RBCs enter alveolar spaces) Dyspnoea Preceding URTI Abdominal pain (if infect in base of lung) Diarrhoea (if swallow sputum) ```
39
What are the signs of pneumonia?
``` Fever Riggers Herpes labialise Tachypnoea Crackles Pleural rub Cyanosis Hypotension ```
40
How do you investigate pneumonia?
``` Blood culture Serology ABGs Full blood count Urea Liver function Chest x-ray ```
41
How is the CURB65 severity score calculated
``` 1 point for each of C - new onset of Confusion U - Urea >7 R - Respiratory rate > 30 B - Blood pressure systolic <90 or diastolic >61 65 - age 65 or older ```
42
What severity markers are there for pneumonia?
CURB65 score Temperature <35 or >40 Cyanosis - PaO2 < 8 kPA WBC <4 or >30Multi-lobar involvement
43
Which pathogens cause pneumonia?
``` S. pneumonia (most) H. influenza Legionella sp. Staph. Aureus M. pneumonia C. pneumonia Gram neg enterobacteria Viruses Influenza A & B (Possible that none is found) ```
44
Pneumonia and other infectious disease is particularly linked to which animal?
Birds
45
Mycoplasma pneumonia shows prevalence peaks every _ years
4
46
Chicken pox pneumonia can be ____ in adult smokers
fatal
47
Younger people tend to get which pathogen for pneumonia?
M. pneumonia
48
Older people tend to get which pathogen for pneumonia?
Strep. pneumonia
49
How is community-acquired pneumonia treated?
``` Antibiotics (amoxicillin / doxycycline) Oxygen - maintain SaO2 at 94-98% or 88-92% Fluids Bed Rest No smoking ```
50
What are the possible complications of pneumonia?
Respiratory failure Pleural effusion Empyema Death
51
How is empyema treated?
Drained using ultrasound to guide the needle
52
What does hospital acquired pneumonia require?
Extended gram neg cover
53
What does aspiration pneumonia require?
Anaerobic cover
54
How does Legionella present?
Chest symptoms may be minimal | GI disturbances are common as well as confusion
55
How can pneumonia be prevented?
``` Influenza & parainfluenza vaccine (>65 yrs / chronic cardiac disease / immunocompromised) Influenza vaccine (Health care workers) ```

Respiratory Anatomy & Disease Mechanisms (13 decks)

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