Respiratory Viruses II Flashcards

Question

Coronavirus - SARS-CoV-1

Answer 1

* Cause of SARS is a coronavirus * Transmission: direct contact, via the eyes, nose and mouth, with infectious respiratory droplet * SARS was first detected in China in Nov 2002, killed 774 people out of 8100 sickened worldwide * Risk of transmitting the disease to a person is greatest at around day 10 of illness, when maximum virus is shed from the respiratory tract * Older people are at higher risk than younger people/children * SARS virus genome has been sequenced * No treatment, no vaccine approved

Answer 2

* New coronavirus 2012 causing MERS, MERS-CoV * Similar to coronavirus causing SARS-1 * Fever, cough, shortness of breath, may lead to renal failure * About 30% people have died infected with MERS * First isolated in Saudi Arabia, has spread to other middle eastern countries * Person-to-person spread is still low * Imported cases in the U.S. * MERS virus has been found in camels and Egyptian tomb bat

Answer 3

* Novel coronavirus, SARS CoV-2 causing COVID-19, identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019 * SARS CoV-2 probably jumped from bat to human, caused a severe disease,Covid-19, pneumonia and easily transmitted from person to person – perquisite for a pandemic pathogen * Spread in most countries starting early 2020 causing a pandemic infection: 37.8Mcases, 1.1M deaths globally, 7.8M infection, 215K deaths in the U.S. 10/12/20 * It’s projected to infect a significant population in the U.S, including deaths * SARS CoV-2 likely to circulate in the next flu season

Answer 4

* Person-to-person transmission * Close contact (keep 6 feet distance) * Respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs and sneezes and the droplets lands on others face, nose, eyes * Respiratory droplets contaminated surfaces and hand to face, nose, eyes transfer * Through aerosol with some tiny droplets if too close * Many asymptomatic infected people transferring to others

Answer 5

•2-14 days; median 5-6 (5.5) days, 97.5% of people who develop symptoms do so within 11.5 days

Answer 6

•Fever or chills, Cough, Shortness of breath, fatigue, muscle or body aches, headache, new loss of taste or smell, sore throat, congestion or runny nose, nausea or vomiting, diarrhea.

Answer 7

* trouble breathing, persistent pain or pressure in the chest, new confusion, inability to wake or stay wake, bluish lips or face and many more. * Majority (~80%) of the people have mild to moderate symptoms. Some people (~14%) have severe disease such as pneumonia, ~5% have critical illness such as respiratory failure, shock or multiorgan dysfunction, death rate is around 2%.

Answer 8

* Individuals of any age can be infected, middle age are most commonly affected, and older individuals are most likely to have severe disease * Other conditions associated with severe illness: - Immunocompromised, Severe obesity - Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic lung disease, cancer, chronic kidney disease

Answer 9

* Both viral and proinflammatory cytokines induced pathologic changes in the lung * SARS-CoV-2 targets cells through the viral structural spike (S) protein that binds to the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor * The serine protease type 2 transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) in the host cell further promotes viral uptake by cleaving ACE2 and activating the SARS-CoV-2 S protein * In the early stage, viral copy numbers can be high in the lower respiratory tract, Inflammatory signaling molecules are released by infected cells and alveolar macrophages in addition to recruited T lymphocytes, monocytes, and neutrophils. * In the late stage, pulmonary edema can fill the alveolar spaces with hyaline membrane formation, compatible with early-phase acute respiratory distress syndrome

Answer 10

* Viral genome by RT-PCR and viral antigen test, * For seroconversion (antibody test)

Answer 11

•supportive, antiviral Remdesivir and dexamethasone have shown some benefits, convalescent plasma, monoclonal antibodies show promising results

Answer 12

•social distancing, wearing masks, frequent hand washing with soap and water, using sanitizers with 70% alcohol.

Answer 13

•Several newer vaccines platforms such as mRNA, DNA, adenovirus-vector based DNA, protein subunit and others

Answer 14

•several genera of the Adenoviridae family

Answer 15

* naked capsid virus (icosahedral) * double-stranded linear DNA

Answer 16

* replication and assembly occur in the nucleus * virions are released by cell destruction

Answer 17

* Persist in host cells from days to years * Subclinical * Latent * Febrile childhood respiratory disease * Pharyngoconjunctival fever * Pertussis-like (Whooping Cough) disease in children * Conjunctivitis * Cystitis * Gastroenteritis * May be linked to obesity (preliminary results)

Answer 18

•isolate virus (confusing because of healthy carriers), clinical picture, PCR

Answer 19

•suppportive

Answer 20

•enteric coated live vaccine

Answer 21

* Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family * 125 serotypes 20-30nm * (+) ss RNA, cubic-naked * Optimum growth at 33oC * no treatment, no prevention * Common Cold!

Answer 22

* Coronavirus of the Coronaviridae family * (+) ssRNA, helical enveloped * replicate in cytoplasm * bud through endoplasmic reticulum or Golg

Answer 23

* Reovirus genus of the Reoviridae family * 4 serotypes, dsRNA, segmented, small icosahedral, naked * most infections are asymptomatic

Answer 24

•Common colds are associated with: - no fever - sneezing, congestion, nasal secretions - short duration (2-4 days) •Treatment and prevention - Kleenex, Kleenex (anti-viral) - No vaccines - New drug BIRR-4 (nasal spray) reduces the severity of the common cold (rhinoviruses)

Answer 25

* Bocavirus of the Parvoviridae family * Single stranded DNA virus, naked capsid * Replication in the nucleus. * Primarily implicated as a cause of wheezing and other respiratory illnesses in children. * Diagnosis: PCR

Respiratory Viruses II Flashcards

(50 cards)