Response and Regulation GLOSSARY KEYWORDS

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

Maintenance of a constant internal environment

Question 2

The test carried out to detect the presence of glucose

Answer 2

Benedicts Test

Question 3

Vasodilation

Answer 3

an increase in the diameter of blood vessels

Question 4

Insulin

Answer 4

the hormone released by the pancreas in response to high blood glucose levels

Question 5

Sweat pore

Answer 5

The opening of the sweat gland on the surface of the skin

Question 6

Erector muscle

Answer 6

the muscle which attaches to a hair and pulls it upright when contracted

Question 7

Glycogen

Answer 7

The chemical that is stored in the liver after conversion from glucose

Question 8

sweat duct

Answer 8

the tube that carries sweat from the gland to the pore

Question 9

type 2

Answer 9

the type of diabetes which is linked to obesity

Question 10

sense organ

Answer 10

a group of receptor cells

Question 11

electrical impulse

Answer 11

the form of the message that is transmitted along a neurone

Question 12

negative feedback

Answer 12

the mechanism which restores homeostasis

Question 13

glucagon

Answer 13

the hormone released by the pancreas to increase blood and glucose levels

Question 14

stimulus

Answer 14

a change in the environment

Question 15

vasoconstriction

Answer 15

a reduction in the diameter of blood vessels

Question 16

pancreas

Answer 16

the organ which secretes insulin into the blood

Question 17

central nervous system

Answer 17

the brain + spinal chord

Question 18

neurone

Answer 18

a nerve cell

Question 19

liver

Answer 19

the organ which stores glycogen

Question 20

hormone

Answer 20

a chemical messenger

Question 21

type 1

Answer 21

the type of diabetes caused by the pancreas being unable to produce insulin

Question 22

positive Phototropism

Answer 22

a growth response towards an unilateral light source

Question 23

what is a sense organ

Answer 23

A group of receptor cells that respond to specific stimuli

Question 24

name the sense and stimuli for EYES

Answer 24

sense = sight
stimuli = light

Question 25

name the sense and stimuli for NOSE

Answer 25

sense = smell stimuli = chemicals

Question 26

name the sense and stimuli for TONGUE

Answer 26

Sense = taste stimuli = chemicals

Question 27

name the sense and stimuli for EARS

Answer 27

sense = hearing stimuli = sound

Question 28

name the sense and stimuli for SKIN

Answer 28

sense = pressure + pain stimuli = touch + temp

Question 29

how is the information from sense organs passed to the CNS (central nervous system)?

Answer 29

Electrical impulses along neurones

Question 30

what does the nervous system consist of

Answer 30

brain, spinal chord and nerves

Question 31

what doe the CNS (central nervous system) consist of

Answer 31

brain and spinal chord

Question 32

what is a stimulus

Answer 32

a change in the environment

Question 33

what are the properties of withdraw reflexes

Answer 33

rapid, automatic, protective

Question 34

a diagram of a reflex arc

Answer 34

stimulus receptor sensory neurone relay neurone synapse motor neurone effector

Question 35

define homeostasis

Answer 35

maintaining a stable internal environment

Question 36

why is homeostasis so important

Answer 36

enzymes only work within a narrow range of temperature and pH

Question 37

how does the body regulate temperature

Answer 37

controlled by the nervous system. the hypothalamus (in brain) detects the change and sends electrical signals to the skin

Question 38

when body temp drops, the skin will...

Answer 38

1. blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction) 2. hair erector muscles contract = erect hairs 3. muscles shiver

Question 39

How does contraction of hair erector muscles retain heat?

Answer 39

The hairs stand upright trapping a layer of insulating air next to the skin

Question 40

How does vasoconstriction help to retain heat

Answer 40

Less blood travels to the surface of the skin so less heat is lost to the surrounding environment

Question 41

How does shivering increase body temperature

Answer 41

Muscles are contracting, respiring and releasing heat

Question 42

How does the skin react when body temperature arises above 37C?

Answer 42

1. Blood vessels dilate (vasodilation) 2. Hair erector muscles relax and hairs flatten 3. Sweat glands produce sweat

Question 43

How does vasodilation lead to increased heat loss from the body?

Answer 43

More blood travels to the surface of the skin so more heat is lost to the surrounding environment

Question 44

How does relaxation of hair erector muscles lower body temperature?

Answer 44

The hairs lie flat and there is no insulating layer of air, so heat is lost to the surrounding environment

Question 45

How does sweating help to lower body temperature?

Answer 45

The sweat glands produce sweat The sweat travels along the sweat duct, out through the sweat pore and onto the surface of the skin Body heat is used to evaporate the sweat

Question 46

How are blood sugar levels controlled?

Answer 46

Hormone system. The pancreas detects changes in blood glucose levels and releases hormones into the blood

Question 47

What is a hormone and what group of chemicals does it belong to?

Answer 47

A chemical messenger carried by the blood It is a protein

Question 48

What might cause an increase in blood glucose levels?

Answer 48

High carbohydrate meal

Question 49

How does the body respond to bring down blood glucose levels?

Answer 49

1. The pancreas secretes insulin into the blood 2. The insulin travels to the liver 3. The liver removes soluble glucose and converts it to insoluble glycogen, which it then stores

Question 50

How does the body respond to a decrease in blood glucose levels?

Answer 50

1. The pancreas secretes glucagon into the blood 2. The glucagon travels to the liver 3. The liver converts insoluble glycogen into soluble glucose, which it releases into the blood

Question 51

What might cause a decrease in blood glucose levels?

Answer 51

Fasting Exercise

Question 52

What is diabetes?

Answer 52

A disease in which a person has a high blood glucose level

Question 53

What causes type 1 diabetes?

Answer 53

The pancreas is unable to produce insulin

Question 54

What causes type 2 diabetes

Answer 54

The body cells are not able to respond properly to the insulin that is produced

Question 55

What is a symptom of diabetes?

Answer 55

The presence of glucose in the urine (Also thirst, tiredness, frequent urinating and loss of weight)

Question 56

How is diabetes diagnosed?

Answer 56

Testing glucose levels in the blood or urine

Question 57

How is type 1 diabetes treated

Answer 57

Insulin injections Low carbohydrate diet Transplant of pancreatic tissue

Question 58

How is type 2 diabetes treated?

Answer 58

Low carbohydrate diet Increased exercise

Question 59

What reagent would be used to test for glucose in urine?

Answer 59

Add Benedict's reagent and heat strongly A positive result is a colour change from blue to brick-red

Question 60

What is 'negative feedback'?

Answer 60

Changes are reversed and values are restored to their normal range by the nervous system (temperature) or hormonal system (blood glucose)

Question 61

What are the problems associated with obesity?

Answer 61

Increased risk of type 2 diabetes Strain on heart and joints

Question 62

What is tropism?

Answer 62

A growth response to a unilateral stimulus

Question 63

What is positive phototropism?

Answer 63

A growth response towards a light source

Question 64

What is positive geotropism?

Answer 64

A growth response towards gravity

Question 65

Which parts of a plant demonstrate positive phototropism?

Answer 65

Plant shoot tips

Question 66

Which part of a plant demonstrates positive geotropism?

Answer 66

Root tips

Question 67

Which plant hormone controls positive phototropism?

Answer 67

Auxin

Question 68

What equipment could you use to investigate phototropism in plants?

Answer 68

A light box with light entering from one side only

Question 69

What could be used as a control experiment when investigating phototropism in plants?

Answer 69

A plant on a rotating disk which will receive light on all sides