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Biology > Response to infection (6.7-6.9, 6.12-6.13) > Flashcards

Response to infection (6.7-6.9, 6.12-6.13) Flashcards

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1
Q

Antibody

A

​A protein molecule which binds to an antigen and is produced by plasma cells in response to an infection

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2
Q

Antigen

A

​A foreign substance which is capable of triggering an immune response located on a cell

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3
Q

Antigen presenting cell (APC)

A

A type of cell which breaks down pathogens and presents

the cellular fragments on their surface for detection by other immune cells

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4
Q

Artificial active immunity

A

Immunity that is acquired by exposure to a dead or weakened version of a pathogen in the form of a vaccine

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5
Q

Artificial passive immunity

A

Immunity that is gained by the transfer of premade antibodies to an individual through an injection

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6
Q

B effector cell

A

A form of B lymphocyte that actively produces and secretes antibodies in response to an infection

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7
Q

B memory cell

A

A class of B lymphocyte which is found in the lymph nodes and provides long term immunity to a pathogen

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8
Q

Host/Parasite Evolutionary race

A

​The continual competition over time where infectious agents are evolving better infection mechanisms whilst the hosts are simultaneously evolving better defences.

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9
Q

Inflammation

A

​The immune response to tissue damage involving swelling though the accumulation of immune cells and fluids.

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10
Q

Interferon

A

A cytokine released by virus infected cells which alerts nearby cells and triggers immune defences.

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11
Q

Lysozyme

A

The enzyme present in secretions such as tears, saliva and mucous which breaks down bacterial cell walls.

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12
Q

Macrophages

A

​A type of immune cell which are specialised for phagocytosis of pathogens and can act as antigen presenting cells

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13
Q

Natural active immunity

A

​Immunity that is gained from infection with a live pathogen.

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14
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

Immunity produced by the transfer of antibodies from a mother
to a foetus through the placenta or to a baby through breastfeeding.

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15
Q

Pathogen

A

​A microorganism which causes disease.

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16
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The ingestion of solid material (particularly pathogens and foreign material) by phagocytic cells
Neutrophils ad macrophages

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17
Q

Plasma cell

A

A type of lymphocyte which B cells differentiate into which produces antibodies
It matures in the bone marrow

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18
Q

Primary immune response

A

​The initial response produced by the immune system when it encounters a pathogen for the first time

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19
Q

Secondary immune response

A

The response produced by the immune system to a pathogen which it has encountered previously.

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20
Q

T cells

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A

A type of lymphocyte that matures in the thymus and is involved in cell mediated immunity

21
Q

T helper cell

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A

A type of T lymphocyte which regulates the immune response through the release of cytokines.

22
Q

T killer cell

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A

A type of T lymphocyte which triggers the death of cells which are damaged or infected with viruses.

23
Q

T memory cell

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A

A type of T lymphocyte found in different parts of the body which is used to provide long term immunity to a pathogen

24
Q

What does inflammation cause

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A

Hot because of increased metabolic rate
Red because of increased blood flow from vasodilation of arteries
Swollen because of leaky capillaries

25
Stages of inflammation
- Immune system cells recognises foreign antigens on the surface of pathogen and mast cells and white blood cells release histamine which triggers inflammation - Histamine causes the vasodilation of arterioles around the site of infection increasing the blood flow to it - Histamine also increases the permeability of the blood vessels so they leaks and cause oedema
26
Benefit of increased blood flow
brings loads of immune system cells to the site off infection
27
Benefit of Increased permeability
allows cells to move out of infected tissue
28
Specific immunity
Response by lymphocytes to infection
29
B cell division
A stage of B cell clonal selection where B effector and B memory cells are produced
30
B effector cells
Differentiate into plasma cells which secrete antibodies
31
B cell clonal selection stages
- Bacterium with antigens of surface binds to B cell with complementary receptor - B cell becomes antigen presenting cell - An activated T helper cell with complementary receptor binds to APC and produces cytokines that stimulate the B cell - The B cell divides to give B memory and B effector cells - The clone of B effector cells differentiate into plasma cells - The plasma cells secrete antibodies which bind to antigens, identifying them for easier destruction
32
Activation of T helper cells
- Bacterium with antigens on surface is engulfed by a macrophage - The macrophage presents the antigens on its surface, becoming an antigen presenting cell - APC binds with the T helper cell with complementary CD4 receptors - The T helper cell is activated then divides - It creates a clone of T memory cells and a clone of active T helper cells
33
Role of T killer cells in cell mediated response stages
- T killer cells with complementary receptors bind to the antigen presented by the body cells - Divide to form active and memory T killer cells with the help of cytokines from T helper cells - The active T killer cells bind to infected cells presenting antigens - T killer cells release enzymes that create pores to form within the infected cell, causing lysis - The pathogens within the cell are released and can be labelled by antibodies form B cells as targets for destruction by macrophages
34
What is the difference between the role of the non specific and specific response
Non specific is directed at any invading pathogen, whereas, specific is directed at a specific pathogen
35
Cell mediated response
T killer cells causing the lysis of an infected cell to get the pathogen out and labelled by antibodies
36
Active memory cell
When a memory cell comes into contact with the same pathogen it becomes activated and differentiates into plasma cells
37
Humoral response
Activates B cells to produce antibodies in response to foreign particles in bodily fluids
38
Lymphocytes
White blood cells (B cells and T cells) which circulate in the blood and lymph and defend against pathogens
39
Agglutination
Where pathogens are clumped together for easier phagocytosis by antibodies which can bind to two pathogens at the same time
40
Precipitation
Where antibodies neutralise soluble toxins
41
Lysis
The breaking open of bacterial cells by T killer cells and antibodies
42
Opsonisation
where pathogens are coated with antibodies for detection of macrophages for phagocytosis
43
What holds antibodies together
Disulphide bridges
44
Where are the light chains found on an antibody
The two stalks branching off the top
45
where is the heavy chain found on an antibody
The base of the Y shape
46
What is found on the variable region of an antibody
The antigen binding site
47
Hinge region
Provides antibody flexibility
48
Antibody labelling for phagocytosis stages
- An activated B cell releases antibodies - The antibodies bind to complementary antigens on the surface of a bacteria and label them - The antibody binds to the antibody receptor on a macrophage - The macrophage engulfs the antibodies and bacterium - Lysosomes fuze with the vacuole, releasing digestive enzymes that destroy the bacterium

Biology (18 decks)

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