Rest

Question 1

Give 3 antioxidant enzymes

Answer 1

superoxide dismutase
catalase
glutathione peroxidase

Question 2

How does superoxide dismutase work

Answer 2

Converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and oxygen

Question 3

How does catalase work against oxygen toxicity

Answer 3

Catalyses conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen and protects WBC against own respiratory burst

Question 4

How does glutathione peroxidase work against oxygen toxicity

Answer 4

Catalyses the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water and a disulphide

Question 5

How does cell compartmentalisation work against oxygen toxicity

Answer 5

Respiratory burst takes place in phagosomes so harmful chemical don’t get out and damage healthy tissue

Question 6

How do antioxidant vitamins work against oxygen toxicity

Answer 6

Eg ascorbic acid, reacts with superoxide and hydroxyl radical and regenerates reduced Vit E

Question 7

Give the 4 steps of ROS formation

Answer 7

Oxygen reduced by single electron to superoxide
Superoxide further reduced to hydrogen peroxide
This is reduced to hydroxyl free radical
Further reduced to water

Question 8

What is pH

Answer 8

-log10[H+]

Question 9

What’s a strong acid

Answer 9

Completely ionises in solution to form H+ and a base

Question 10

What are weak acids/ bases

Answer 10

Only partially ionise in solution

Question 11

What’s standard base excess

Answer 11

Quantity of acid required to return ECF to normal

Question 12

What does a wide anion gap indicate

Answer 12

Lactic acidosis
Ketoacidosis
Acid ingestion
Renal failure

Question 13

What does a narrow anion gap indicate

Answer 13

GI HCO3 loss

Renal tubular acidosis

Question 14

What is the charge in an AA

Answer 14

Carboxyl group - negative

Amino group - positive

Question 15

Catalyst definition

Answer 15

Provide alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy

Question 16

Isoenzyme?

Answer 16

Enzymes the have a different structure and sequence but catalyse the same reaction

Question 17

Coenzyme?

Answer 17

Can’t themselves catalyse a reaction but can help enzymes to so by binding with the enzyme protein to form active enzymes

Question 18

Van der waaks forces?

Answer 18

Weak attractive/repulsive force between all atoms due to fluctuating electrical charge

Question 19

Hydrogen bonds

Answer 19

Interaction between polar groups

Question 20

What occurs in autocrine commination

Answer 20

Messenger molecules bind with receptors in the cell they are produced
Eg chemical, secondary messengers

Question 21

What are paracrine messengers

Answer 21

Messengers in ECF

eg clotting factors, inflammatory mediators

Question 22

What’s endocrine communication

Answer 22

Secretions into the blood

Eg insulin

Question 23

What are AA- derivative hormones synthesised from

Answer 23

Tyrosine

Question 24

Normal anion gap value

Answer 24

Between 3 and 11mEq/mol

Question 25

Compensation for metabolic alkalosis

Answer 25

Respiratory - inhibition of chemoreceptors reducing respiration - increases PCO2 - decreases pH

Question 26

Respiratory acidosis compensation

Answer 26

Renal - increase HCO3 - more H+ excreted in form of ammonia

Question 27

Metabolic acidosis compensation

Answer 27

Respiratory - stimulates chemoreceptors to enhance respiration resulting in a falling PCO2 - increases pH to normal

Question 28

Respiratory alkalosis compensation

Answer 28

``` Renal - kidneys decrease H+ secretions by retaining Decreased HCO3 Less buffering capacity pH falls ```

Question 29

4 main steps of beta oxidations

Answer 29

Oxidation Hydration Oxidation Thiolysis

Question 30

What 2 proteins are involved in the generation of ciliary moments

Answer 30

Tubulin and dynein