Rest of the stuff

Question 1

Adrenal cortex is the ___ layer of adrenal gland?

Answer 1

Outer

Question 2

Adrenal medulla is the ___ layer of adrenal gland?

Answer 2

Middle

Question 3

What is the sympathetic innervation of adrenal gland?

Answer 3

Greater and lesser splanchnic nerves

Question 4

What is parasympathetic innervation of adrenal gland?

Answer 4

None

Question 5

Arterial supply and venous drainage of adrenal gland?

Answer 5

Adrenal artery/ vein

Question 6

How does Adrenocorticotropic hormone get released?

Answer 6

Hypothalamus sends Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) to APG
APG releases Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 7

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) function

Answer 7

Targets adrenal cortex
Causes release of cortisol and aldosterone

Question 8

What hormones does adrenal gland release during prolonged stress?

Answer 8

Androgens
Aldosterone
Cortisol

Question 9

What do androgens do?

Answer 9

Target the gonads
Precursor to estrogen and testosterone
Regulates control over rapid growth spurts in pre adolescents

Question 10

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 10

Target the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water and secrete potassium

Question 11

Long term stress response of aldosterone?

Answer 11

Retention of sodium and water by kidneys
Increased blood volume and blood pressure

Question 12

What does cortisol do?

Answer 12

Body cells increase ATP (energy) production
Protein and fat are converted to glucose
Supresses the immune system

Question 13

Long term stress response of cortisol?

Answer 13

Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy
Increased blood sugar
Suppression of immune system

Question 14

Short term stress hormones of adrenal gland

Answer 14

Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Question 15

What releases the prolonged stress hormones?

Answer 15

Adrenal Cortex

Question 16

What releases the short term stress hormones?

Answer 16

Adrenal medulla

Question 17

What do epinephrine and norepinephrine do?

Answer 17

Target heart to increase heart rate and BP
Target bronchioles to dilate and increase respiration
Vasodilation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle
Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in skin and digestive organs
Increased blood sugar levels

Question 18

Where is the thyroid gland?

Answer 18

Anterior to trachea and inferior to thyroid cartilage

Question 19

Arterial and venous drainage of thyroid

Answer 19

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries/ veins

Question 20

How is thyroid stimulating hormone released?

Answer 20

Hypothalamus sends thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) to APG
APG releases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Question 21

What does thyroid stimulating hormone do?

Answer 21

Targets thyroid
Releases Thyroxine (T4)
Releases triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 22

What does thyroxine and triiodothyronine do?

Answer 22

Controls rate sugar is converted into ATP
Increases protein synthesis and converts fats to sugar
Increase body temperature
Normal growth and development

Question 23

What is Calcitonin?

Answer 23

Hormone made by thyroid gland
Targets osteoclasts to help increase calcium absorption and decrease blood calcium

Question 24

Calcitonin is only released when calcium is too ?

Answer 24

When calcium levels get too high in blood

Question 25

Calcitonin is what kind of stimulus?

Answer 25

Humoral

Question 26

Where is the parathyroid gland?

Answer 26

On the back of the thyroid gland

Question 27

Arterial and venous drainage of parathyroid gland

Answer 27

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries/ veins

Question 28

What does parathyroid do?

Answer 28

Makes and secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 29

What does parathyroid hormone do?

Answer 29

Targets kidneys Targets bone cells (osteoblasts) Targets small intestine All to increase levels on calcium in the blood

Question 30

Parathyroid hormone only gets released when?

Answer 30

Only gets released when calcium levels are too low in blood

Question 31

What are the alpha cells of the pancreas?

Answer 31

Glucagon

Question 32

What are the beta cells of the pancreas?

Answer 32

Insulin

Question 33

Arterial and venous drainage of the pancreas?

Answer 33

Pancreaticoduodenal artery/vein

Question 34

What does pancreas do when blood sugar rises?

Answer 34

Beta cells notice higher blood sugar levels and release insulin Insulin makes body cells absorb sugar and release atp Insulin makes liver convert glucose to glycogen Blood sugar levels go down as a result

Question 35

What does pancreas do when blood sugar levels get too low?

Answer 35

Alpha cells detect lower glucose levels and release glucagon Glucagon makes liver convert glycogen to glucose Blood sugar levels go up as a result

Question 36

Where is pineal gland?

Answer 36

Part of diencephalon Near posterior margin of corpus collosum Superior to cerebellum

Question 37

Arterial supply of pineal gland

Answer 37

Cerebral arterial circle Or internal carotid artery

Question 38

Venous drainage of pineal gland

Answer 38

Cavernous sinus

Question 39

What does pineal gland do?

Answer 39

Makes and releases melatonin

Question 40

Where is the thymus?

Answer 40

Posterior to sternum Anterior to trachea and heart

Question 41

Arterial supply of thymus

Answer 41

Superior and inferior thymic arteries

Question 42

Venous drainage of thymus

Answer 42

Thyroid veins Left brachiocephalic vein

Question 43

What does thymus do?

Answer 43

Produces thymopoietin and thymosin These stimulate lymphocytes to mature into T lymphocytes