Restoration and James Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Who promoted the fear of a Catholic conspiracy to assassinate Charles II to instate his Catholic brother on the throne?
A
Titus Oates
2
Q
What did Titus Oates fears cause in English society?
A
- His accusations cause the execution of 35 people, including 5 Jesuit priests
- As well as further general hysteria and rioting
3
Q
When people begin to realize that Titus Oates’ conspiracy theory was false, what happened to him?
A
- Oates is condemned to life in prison for perjury in 1685
4
Q
What was the Exclusion Crisis (1679-81) and why was it important?
A
- The attempt by the Whigs to exclude James from succeeding the throne after Charles II
- 3 parliaments called
- But the Whigs failed to get an exclusion bill
Importance: This spawns the Whigs and the Tories
5
Q
Who were the Whigs?
A
- Wanted a limit on Royal powers
- ANTI-Catholic
- Pro-Dissenters
- Pro-Dutch
- They support the exclusion of James, Duke of York
6
Q
Why were they called the Whigs?
A
- The term Whig was the nickname for Scottish Presbyterian rebels (not a favourable name)
7
Q
Who were the Tories?
A
- PRO-Royalist
- PRO-Anglican order and hierarchy
- They see France as a better ally for England than the Dutch
- AGAINST the exclusion of James, Duke of York
8
Q
Why were they called the Tories?
A
- Tories was the nickname for an Irish cattle thief
(Likely a jab at their pro-hierarchical stance on Anglicanism, equating them to Irish Catholics)
9
Q
In what year did Charles II die?
A
1685
10
Q
True or False: The Stuarts liked the French court system.
A
TRUE
11
Q
How long is James IIs reign?
A
(3 Years) 1685-1688
12
Q
What does James IIs Catholicism spark?
A
- A revolution
- A foreign invasion from the Dutch
13
Q
Explain James IIs religious policy:
A
He wasn’t trying to force people to convert like Mary I did
Instead, he simply:
- took off restrictions and penalties towards Catholics
- Lifted restrictions on public Catholic worship
- Promoted Catholic officers to the army
14
Q
How had James II escaped England in his youth?
A
Dressed as a girl in a dress
15
Q
Describe James IIs military career:
A
- Fought for the French and Spanish armies
- Fought as Admiral for the English navy against the Dutch
16
Q
Who was James IIs first wife?
A
- Anne Hyde
- Daughter of the Earl of Clarendom (Anti-Puritan)
- They have James’ 2 daughters, Mary, and Anne together
17
Q
True or False: James II, despite being Catholic, raised his two daughters Protestant.
A
TRUE
18
Q
How could James IIs foreign policy be described?
A
Pro-French
19
Q
Why did James resign from the navy admiralship in 1673?
A
Because he couldn’t deny transubstantiation
20
Q
True or False: James comes to the throne with largely no opposition
A
TRUE
21
Q
True or False: James is initially popular
A
TRUE
22
Q
What 3 things does James promise to respect when ascending to the throne?
A
- The Constitution
- The Church of England
- People’s Property
23
Q
True or False: Parliament, at first, does not give money to James II
A
FALSE
James called in a Tory dominated parliament, who were more than happy to fund a ton of money to put down rebellions
24
Q
What decade in the 17th century saw a trade boom in England?
A
1680s
25
What was the plot to kill Charles II and James II?
The Rye House Plot 1683
26
Why did the Rye House Plot ultimately fail?
- It was supposed to be an assassination at the Rye House Horse Race
- But, the Horse Race was cancelled, so Charles and James never showed up
27
Who was blamed and punished for the Rye House Plot?
- Monmouth
- He was exiled the Holland
28
Who lead Monmouth's Rebellion of 1685?
- James Scott, first Duke of Monmouth
29
True or False: Monmouth had been Charles IIs favourite illegitimate nephew.
TRUE
30
What military experience did Monmouth have?
- Fought in the French Army
- Was an English general in the 1670s
31
Who did Monmouth side with during the exclusion crisis?
The Whigs
- Monmouth did NOT want James to succeed
32
What rumours during the exclusion crisis legitimized Monmouth's cause later in 1685?
False rumours that Charles II HAD in fact married Monmouth's mother
33
At which battle is Monmouth's inexperienced and untrained army destroyed by James II's army?
The Battle of Sedgemoor, 1685
34
***Why was Monmouth's rebellion important? (3)
1. It was the last popular rebellion in England
2. This gives James authorization to keep his own standing army
3. James' severity in cracking down on the rebellion shows the heavy-handed nature of his rule
35
What were the Bloody Assizes?
- The trials of all those who had participated in Monmouth’s Rebellion
- Assize means travelling court
- Very quick, brutal and merciless trials
36
How many were killed during the Bloody assizes?
300 executions
800 banished to America
37
What Judge headed the Bloody Assizes?
"Hanging" Judge Jeffries
38
What happens to Monmouth after his failed rebellion?
He is tried and beheaded a week after the rebellion
39
Why is Parliament against James' promotion of Catholic officers to the army?
- Because this violated the Test Act
40
In what year did James II prorogue parliament, never calling it again for the remainder of his reign?
1685
41
What does James II do to evaluate the hostility or lack thereof of JP's towards him?
He sends out commissioners
The commissioners demoted oppositional JP’s and place supportive (often Catholic) ones
42
Through what power did James get around the Test Act to promote Catholic officers to the army?
Dispensing Power
(In Individual cases, a Monarch could overrule or dispense of a law)
43
What was the Godden Vs Hales Case?
- Hales was a Catholic army officer appointed by James II
- Godden was Hales' servant
- Godden takes Hales to court, claiming that he couldn't be Catholic and an army officer
- The court goes in favour of Hales, thus affirming James' dispensing power
44
Why did the English Protestants fear Ireland so much during the reign of James II?
- Because they thought James would raise a Catholic army in Ireland to invade England
45
Why did James II send out ecclesiastical commissioners to churches?
- To root out Anglican ministers and priests that were too Anti-Catholic
46
What did James II say about the natural choice of religion if given the freedom to choose?
- If you made all choose their own religion, most people would naturally, eventually, overtime, choose the Catholic Church
47
What was James II's Declaration of Indulgences, 1687?
- It allows people to choose freely between worshipping at home or at church
- This loosens restrictions on Catholics
- He forces Anglican priests to read this declaration
48
What do many upset Anglican priests do when ordered to read out the Declaration of Indulgences in 1687?
- They wait until after church to read it, when everyone had left
49
Why didn't the Catholics like the Declaration of Indulgences? Didn't it give them more liberty?
The Catholics hated this
They thought that this would cause greater backlash and retribution towards them from super angry Anglicans and dissenters
Even the Pope himself said this was too much too soon
50
To purge any opposition from municipal governments, what 3 questions does James II have commissioners ask officials?
1. Do you support the REPEAL of the Test Act?
2. Do you support electing somebody to parliament who would REPEAL the Test Act?
3. Do you accept religious toleration?
Those who didn't answer YES to all 3 questions were purged from office
51
How did James IIs political purges turn his own support base against him?
- The Kings natural supporters are staunch Royalists, who were often staunch Anglicans
- Not only does he purge support, but those he appoints are people without the qualifications to do their job well
52
Where is James' IIs personal army encamped during his reign?
Outside of London
This prevents rebellion
53
Who does Parliament want to overthrow James II?
His daughter, Mary
54
Despite his old age, with what wife did James II shockingly have a boy with?
Mary of Modena (Italian)
55
Who is James IIs miracle son?
James Francis Edward Stuart
56
Why is the birth of James IIs son important?
- Because James II will raise him CATHOLIC
- It contributed to oppositional parties wanting to overthrow James further
57
What do Protestants present in the room do when Mary of Modena gives birth to the boy?
They turn their backs to say they didn't witness the birth
58
What was the Warming Pan Theory?
The theory that Mary of Modena wasn’t pregnant, but a child was smuggled up in the back stairs on a warming pan and placed in the bed at the moment of birth, therefore not being legitimate.
59
What was the major sign James II gave proving that he was going to make an alliance with the French, NOT the Dutch?
- James II orders home English troops stationed in Holland
60
What is the 2nd Declaration of Indulgence, 1688?
→ He demands the Declaration, again, to be read at every Anglican Church
→ But, this time, most refuse
→ 7 Bishops (including James’ own archbishop of Canterbury) are imprisoned for not reading the declaration
61
Who were the "Immortal Seven"?
7 powerful Tories and Whigs that write to William of Orange to help protect Protestantism, their property, and to investigate the legitimacy of James' son
62
True or False: James tried to tone down his religious policy, but it was far too late.
TRUE
63
What is the primary goal of William of Orange?
To protect the Dutch against French domination
64
What is Louis XIVs goal?
To take Holland and some German States
65
What gave the green light for William of Orange to feel comfortable enough to intervene in England?
Louis XIVs invasion of the German states
- This assured William that Holland would be safe for the time being
66
What does William's armies's carrying of coin moulds, printing presses, shoes, alcohol say about the nature of his invasion?
- They are not here to conquer England
- But they intended to be there for a while
- Also, they want to win the hearts and minds
- Want to instill a regime change
67
What prevents James' fleet from meeting William of Orange at sea before he could land in England?
- The "Protestant Wind" keeps James' fleet bottled in the river Thames
68
What is significant about the day William lands in England?
November 5th: Guy Fawkes day
69
True or False: James IIs army (40 000 strong) nearly doubles that of William
TRUE
70
What is James' armies' great weakness?
- Inexperienced infantry
- Navy never tested
71
What happens to the Militia that James II called up to defend the country against William?
The militia all joined William's side
72
True or False: Even James IIs own daughter, princess Anne, leaves the court .
TRUE
73
What bad omen did James receive while William landed in England?
A bloody nose
74
Before fleeing to France, what did James II do with the Great Seal?
He throws it into the Thames River
75
True or False: William catches James II
TRUE
76
What does James II ask William after being caught?
James asked William if he could live at peace in a coastal town.
Why coastal? So he could flee to France
77
What were France's 2 great miscalculations?
1. They assumed the Dutch would never invade England
2. Louis assumed that if the Dutch DID invade England, the English would be paralyzed by civil war
78
What was William's main concern upon taking the English Throne?
- He wanted to know how to best use English resources against the French to protect Holland
79
True or False: James initially wanted his wife, Mary, to succeed to the throne
TRUE
80
What 2 things prove that James is no longer king of England to most people?
1. He threw the Great Seal into the Thames
2. He physically fled the country
81
What is a convention parliament?
A parliament not officially ordered or formed by a king
82
What did the Whigs say about what should happen succession wise after the Glorious Revolution?
A new successor should be chosen by parliament
83
What did the Tories say about what should happen succession wise after the Glorious Revolution?
Parliament didn't have the right to choose a new successor
- They said that James is still the king, because GOD chose it to be him
84
Who ends up succeeding James II?
- William of Orange AND his wife Mary become joint rulers of England
- But, executive powers go to William since he is a man
85
What was the Declaration of Rights?
- A list of everything James II had done wrong
- William and Mary are made to accept it upon ascending to the throne
86
What was the Bill of Rights? (1689)
- An act declaring the Rights of subjects and the succession of the throne
- Basically, a limitation on Royal Power
87
What restrictions did the Bill of Rights enforce ?
- Prevents a Catholic monarch from ever ruling again
- Abolishes Dispensing Power of the King
- Parliament could override a royal pardon
- Parliament had to be called regularly
- NO non-Parliamentary taxes
88
What did the Bill of Rights say about succession?
- Succesion goes to William and Mary
- If Mary dies, and WIlliam had a child with a second wife, the succession would go to the second child
- If WIlliam and Mary had NO children, succession would go to Mary's younger sister, Anne
89
Why was William and Mary's rule so good for dissenters?
William was a dissenter (Dutch Calvinist)
Mary was Anglican
90
What was William and Mary's Act of Toleration in 1689?
- All Protestant groups believing in the Holy Trinity are recognized
- Dissenters are tolerated as long as they didn't lock their meeting houses
- All HAD to adhere to the 39 articles of faith
- Catholics are fully ignored and omitted from this
91
What was remarkable about the Glorious Revolution?
It was relatively bloodless
92
What were the few deaths in the Glorious Revolution?
1000s of Irish people were lynched and beat up in the streets of London
93
What 5 things are significant about the Glorious Revolution?
1. It is a constitutional break between Medieval and Modern England
2. Rise in English Parliament
3. Religious Toleration
4. Made war with France inevitable
5. Breaks the Great Chain of Being
94
Upon his return to reclaim the English throne, why did James and his army land in Ireland first?
Because of Catholic support there
(Many of James old army officers were Irish)
95
Where does James raise his army while trying to retake the throne?
Ireland
96
True or False: Upon returning, James proclaimed himself King of Ireland
TRUE
97
At what major battle did William land in Ireland and defeat James, causing him to flee?
- The Battle of the Boyne, 1690
(James had the bad omen of a bloody nose again)
98
What battle do modern Northern Irish Protestants celebrate to annoy the Catholics?
Boyne, 1690
99
Why are the Williamite Wars Important?
- It ends James' attempt to retake the throne
- Marks the defeat of Catholicism as a force
100
What was the Treaty of Limerick, 1691?
- Ended the Williamite Wars
- William offers very liberal terms to the Jacobites
- William allows James' soldiers to flee safely to France
- Those Jacobites who remained, would also be secure with their land and jobs
