Restoration Politics and the Challenges of Reform to 1832

Question 1

Congress of Vienna

Answer 1

1814–1815
was a series of international diplomatic meetings to discuss and agree upon a possible new layout of the European political and constitutional order after the downfall of Napoleon Bonaparte

Question 2

Holy Alliance

Answer 2

also called the Grand Alliance
was a coalition linking the monarchist great powers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia,
was created after the final defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Emperor Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815.

Question 3

Prince Metternich

Answer 3

organizer of the Congress of Vienna (1814–15),
he was largely responsible for the policy of balance of power in Europe
The 3 main goals of the Congress of Vienna: were to balance the powers of Europe to coexist peacefully, enclose France’s borders, and restore conservative order.

Question 4

German Confederation

Answer 4

association of 39 predominantly German-speaking sovereign states
created by the Congress of Vienna in 1815
replacement of the Holy Roman Empire

Question 5

Lord Castlereagh

Answer 5

helped guide the Grand Alliance against Napoleon
was a major participant in the Congress of Vienna
designed and proposed a form of collective and collaborative security for Europe, then called a Congress system
hoped to make Britain the arbiter of European affairs

Question 6

Talleyrand

Answer 6

chief French negotiator at the Congress of Vienna;
he signed the Treaty of Paris.
contributed to the realization of Napoleon’s ambitious plans to remodel Europe by helping him to establish French supremacy in Italy, Germany, and Switzerland.

Question 7

Decembrists

Answer 7

a group of members of the Russian military who sought to stage a revolt against the newly named Tsar Nicholas I of the Russia
in favor of a constitutional monarchy.
The revolt was quickly broken by the tsar’s troops,
most of the leaders were executed or exiled

Question 8

George Canning

Answer 8

Foreign Secretary (1807–1809) under the Duke of Portland.
directed the Battle of Copenhagen,
assured Britain’s naval supremacy over Napoleon in 1807.

Question 9

Nicholas I

Answer 9

Emperor of Russia,
King of Congress Poland,
Grand Duke of Finland.
Nicholas’s reign began with the failed Decembrist revolt.
hi reign was marked by geographical expansion, repression of dissent, economic stagnation, poor administrative policies, a corrupt bureaucracy, and frequent wars that culminated in Russia’s disastrous defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-56.

Question 10

Congress System

Answer 10

an effort to maintain peace and stability in Europe through regular Congresses of the great powers,
similar to the Congress of Vienna,
address pressing issues and resolve disputes through negotiation and coordinated action.

Question 11

July Monarchy

Answer 11

the Kingdom of France,
liberal constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe I
started 1830
marked the end of the Bourbon Restoration.

Question 12

Quadruple Alliance

Answer 12

Great Powers of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain
hoped to counter the military and revolutionary republican political threats

Question 13

Reform Act of 1832

Answer 13

Political and social reform
changed the British electoral system
gave the vote to middle class men,

Question 14

Alexander I

Answer 14

emperor of Russia (1801–25),
alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars
helped defeat the emperor of the French.

Question 15

Simón Bolíva

Answer 15

important leader of Spanish America’s successful struggle for independence from Spain.
influenced by the United States, French Revolution and Napoleon,
led a massive revolt against Spanish colonial rule in South America in 1810.

Question 16

Carlsbad Decrees (1819)

Answer 16

adopted in 1819
established a police-state regime of surveillance and repression,
designed to keep a tight lid on any opposition activity.