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Dental Materials Y2 > Restorative Materials In Relation to Paediatric Dentistry > Flashcards

Restorative Materials In Relation to Paediatric Dentistry Flashcards

1
Q

Name some of the restorative materials that are used for paediatrics

A
  • Amalgam
  • Composites
  • GICs
  • RMGICs
  • Compomers
  • Preformed stainless steel crowns
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2
Q

What needs to be considered when choosing a restorative material for a child patient

A
  • Clinical situation - National guidelines
  • Tooth structure and cavity depth
  • Longevity
  • Toxicity
  • Patient/child compliance - procedure length and moisture control
  • Parents consent
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3
Q

What is the required retentive cavity depth for dental amalgams

A

2mm.

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4
Q

What are the benefits of choosing dental amalgams

A
  • Good longevity
  • Cost effective, economical, easy to use
  • Excellent mechanical properties
  • No shrinkage
  • Not moisture sensitive (delayed expansion due to Zn presence)
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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of using composites

A
  • Cured in 2mm increments
  • Shrinkage/contraction on polymerisation
  • Not natively adhered needs etching/bonding agent
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6
Q

What are the benefits of using composite filling materials

A
  • Good creep resistance and compressive strength
  • Excellent aesthetics
  • Command set - light
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7
Q

What are some of the limitations of composites

A
  • Adhesive first and then retenion
  • Greater polymerisation shirnkage in large restorations
  • Dentine bonding is weaker than bonding to an acid-etched enamel
  • High wear in contact areas
  • Thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) mismatch
  • For posterior restorations permanent/primary have to be considered - wear resistance, water absorption, polymerisation shrinkage
  • Not a complete polymerisation
  • Potential leaching of toxic monomer (bisphenol A)
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8
Q

What causes GICs to release ions like Ca2+ and Al3+

A

When the glass reacts with polyacrylic acid it degrades and releases these

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9
Q

What is the reaction medium for the acid base reaction to make GICs

A

Water

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10
Q

What kind of bond do GICs make with enamel and dentin

A

Chemical - carboxyl groups bind to calcium in the tooth apatite

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11
Q

What are some benefits of using GICs

A
  • Fluoride release
  • No shrinkage, no exotherm
  • Not toxic
  • Ease of placement in bulk
  • Ultra conservative restoration
  • Aesthetic
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12
Q

What are the limitations of using GICs

A
  • Low strength and high wear at early stages
  • Need protection from dehydration
  • Low Diametral tensile strength
  • Low tensile strength - brittle
  • Not able to withstand high tensile loads
  • Restoration to be supported by tooth tissue
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13
Q

What setting reactions are involved in Resin-modified GICs

A
  • Acid-base reaction = Glass + Polyacid

- Light-activated free radical polymerisation of methacrylate groups of the polymer (HEMA)

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14
Q

What are the advantages of RMGICs over GICs

A
  • Command set
  • Tougher
  • Earyl strength
  • Improved longevity
  • Can set in the dark
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15
Q

What is a disadvantage of RMGICs

A

HEMA is cytotoxic

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16
Q

What filler is used in Compomers (PAMCs)

A

Ionomer glass

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17
Q

How are Compomers (PAMCs) set

A

Entirely by light

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18
Q

What are the advantages of compomers (PAMCs)

A
  • Fluoride release
  • Longevity
  • Greater strength than GIC and RMGIC
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19
Q

What are the limitations of Compomers (PAMCs)

A
  • Polymerisation shrinkage
  • Exothermic reaction
  • Bonding has to be done
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20
Q

What are PMCs/SSCs and where are the most often used

A

PMC = preformed metal crown
SSC = Stainless steel crowns
Extracoronal restoration for primary teeth.

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21
Q

What makes steel become stainless steel

A

The addition of chromium and nickel to the Iron and Carbon of steel

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22
Q

Why is stainless steel corrosion resistant

A

the chromium forms Cr2O3 at the surface

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23
Q

What proportion of chromium is in stainless steel

A

> 11%

24
Q

What are the 3 types of stainless steel

A

Ferritic
Austentic
Martensiticc

25
Q

What is the composition of austenitic type stainless steel

A

Cr - 16-22%
Ni - 7-22%
C - 0.2%

26
Q

What are some of the benefits of stainless steel crowns

A
  • Strong - tensile strength
  • Durable
  • Preventative
  • Cost effective in long term
  • Available in pre-fabricated sizes
27
Q

How are stainless steel crowns cemented to the tooth surface

A

Using luting cements like GICs, Zinc polycarboxylate and zinc phosphate

28
Q

What is the additional advantage of of using GICs and zinc polycarboxylate luting cements for SSCs

A

These will bond to the oxide layer on the stainless steel and the tooth so better adhesion

29
Q

What are the limitations of PMCs/SSCs

A
  • Aesthetics
  • Complex procedure
  • Nickel/Chromium allergy/sensitivity
  • Veneer crown - composite resin used on top for aesthetics
  • Tooth coloured prefabricated
30
Q

Name some preventative materials

A
  • Toothpaste, mouthwash
  • Topical fluoride - varnishes, gels, tablets
  • Sealants
31
Q

What does replacing the hydroxyl in apatite for fluoride do to its properties

A
  • More acidic resistant
  • Chemical strengthening of enamel
  • Reduce plaque activity - inhibits bacterial adhesion
32
Q

Describe fluoride gels and how they work

A
  • High viscosity water solution
  • Thixotropic - viscosity decreases on pressure
  • Flows around the surface and sticks to the teeth
33
Q

What sources of fluoride are used in fluoride gels

A
  • Sodium Fluoride - NaF
  • Stannous Fluoride SnF2 -(pH~2)
  • Acidualted phosphate fluoride (APF) (pH-3) - deeper fluoride penetration
34
Q

What conc of fluoride source is there in fluoride gels

A

1-2%

35
Q

What gives fluoride the thixotropic property

A

The soluble cellulose base polymer

36
Q

What is the composition of Acidulated phosphate fluoride

A
  • Sodium fluoride - 2%
  • Hydrogen Fluoride - 0.34%
  • Orthophosphoric acid - 0.98%
  • Hydroxyalkyl cellulose - thickening
37
Q

What are pits and fissure sealants used for and on

A
  • Primary and permanent teeth
  • Reducing dental caries
  • Fluoride release therapy
  • Clear, opaque or coloured forms
38
Q

What can the pits and fissure sealants be based on

A
  • Resin based
  • GIC based
  • Resin modified GIC
  • Compomer
39
Q

What are the main properties of pits and fissure sealants

A
  • High coefficient of penetration
  • High surface tension
  • Low viscosity
  • Good wetting
40
Q

What do fluoride varnishes contain as a fluoride source

A

5% NaF - 2.26% - 22,600 ppm

1% difluorsilane - 1000ppm

41
Q

What do fluoride varnishes contain besides the fluoride sources

A

Natural resin that is dissolved in an organic solvent

42
Q

How do fluoride varnishes work

A

Solvent evaporates or sets in mouth

  • Thin film covers tooth surface
  • CaF2 like deposit is believed to convert into FAP
  • Bitter taste and tooth discolouration
43
Q

How long do fluoride varnishes release for after application

A

Hours lol

44
Q

What bases can Resin sealants have

A

BisGMA
UDMA
Cyanocrylate

45
Q

What is added to BisGMA resin sealants to reduce the viscosity

A

MMA monomers or TEGDMA

46
Q

Describe the structure of Bis-GMA

A

Diglycidil ether of Bisphenol A with methacrylic acid

47
Q

How can resin sealant be cured

A

Light

Self cured or chemically

48
Q

How are light cured resin sealants cured

A

Diketone-amine activation

49
Q

How are self/chemically cured resin sealants cured

A

Peroxide-amine activation

50
Q

What issues need to be considered with resin sealants

A
  • Depth of cure
  • Oxygen inhibition layer - source of unpolymerised monomer
  • Acid etch of enamel
51
Q

What are resin sealants filled with and what advantages do these have

A

Filled with SiO2 or glass to improve wear resistance and radiopacity

52
Q

What initiates polymerisation in cyanoacrylate

A

Water

53
Q

How viscous are cyanoacrylate based resin sealants and what does this mean for its properties

A

Very low so have a good penetration and are able to bond to the protein matrix of enamel and dentin

54
Q

What are some limitations of cyanoacrylate resin sealants

A
  • Prone to hydrolysis
  • Low tensile strength and abrasion resistance
  • Toxicity - therefore not used
55
Q

Compare GIC sealants to Resin Sealants

A

Note: Low viscosity GIC used

  • GIC sealants have great fluoride release
  • GIC = chemical adhesion
  • GIC = more viscous so less penetration
  • GIC = lower retention, more brittle
  • Less resistant to occlusal wear
56
Q

How do RMGIC sealants compare to GIC and resin sealants

A

Better retention and wear than GICs

But lower than resin-based

Dental Materials Y2 (13 decks)

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