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Neurobiology II > Reticular Formation & Related Structures (Exam 2) > Flashcards

Reticular Formation & Related Structures (Exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is reticular formation?

A

Central core of nuclei embedded in the tegmentum of the brainstem

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2
Q

Reticular formation runs the length of (BLANK) and is continuous with what?

A

-Runs the length of the brainstem

Continuous with diencephalic nuclei (rostrally) and intermediate zone of the spinal cord (caudally)

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3
Q

The rostral reticular formation consists of nuclei within what?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Upper pons
  • Diencephalic nuclei
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4
Q

What is the function of the rostral reticular formation?

A

Maintain an alert conscious state in the forebrain

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5
Q

The caudal reticular formation consists of nuclei within what?

A
  • Pons
  • Medulla
  • Cranial nerve nuclei and spinal cord
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6
Q

What is the function of the caudal reticular formation?

A

Carry out important motor, reflex and autonomic functions

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7
Q

Alertness arises from what structures?

A

Brainstem & diencephalic arousal circuits and cortex

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8
Q

Attention and Awareness arises from what structure?

A

Higher order cerebral functions

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9
Q

A lesion to the Rostral Reticular Formation and Medial Diencephalon would cause what?

A

Coma

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10
Q

Stimulation to the Rostral Reticular Formation and Medial Diencephalon would cause what?

A

Arousal

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11
Q

Where does the Pontomesencephalic Reticular Formation project to?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Basal forebrain
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12
Q

What does the Pontomesencephalic Reticular Formation receive input from?

A
  • Sensory pathways (especially spinoreticular) = pain
  • Association Cortex = cognition
  • Limbic Cortex = emotion
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13
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from Pontomesencephalic Resticular Formation?
what is the function?
What is the clinical application?

A
  • Glutamate
  • Alertness
  • Bilateral lesions can cause coma
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14
Q

What two locations are acetylcholine projection system neurons located in?

A
  • Basal Forebrain
  • Pontomesencephalic region
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15
Q

Acetylcholine Projections System:
Where does the Basal Forebrain project to and what is function?

A
  • Project to cerebral cortex & hippocampus
  • Function: Attention, memory & learning
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16
Q

Acetylcholine Projections System:
What two places does the Pontomesencephalic region project to and what are the functions?

A
  • Project to thalamus & then cortex (Arousal)
  • Project to cerebellum, BG, brainstem, (motor system - locomotion)
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17
Q

What are the clinical applications of Acetylcholine Projections system?

A
  • Delirium
  • Memory deficits
  • Alzheimer’s disease
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18
Q

Where are the neurons of the Dopamine Projection System located?

A

Ventral midbrain
- Substantia nigra pars compacta
- Ventral tegmental area

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19
Q

What are the 3 projection systems of Dopamine?

A
  • Mesostriatal (nigrostriatal) pathway
  • Mesolimbic pathway
  • Mesocortical pathway
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20
Q

The Mesostriatal (nigrostriatal) pathway projects to what? Dysfunction of this pathway causes what?

A

-Projects to caudate & putamen
- Dysfunction = Parkinson’s disease (PD)

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21
Q

The mesolimbic pathway:
-Projects to what?
-Is involved in what?
-Overactivity of the pathway is seen in what disorder?

A
  • Projects to limbic structures
  • Involved in reward & addiction
  • Overactive in Schizophrenia (hallucinations)
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22
Q

The Mesocortical pathway:
- Projects to what?
- in involved in what?
- Clinical application?

A
  • Projects to prefrontal cortex
  • Involved in working memory & attentional aspect of movement initiation
  • Cognition & hypokinesia in PD
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23
Q

The Norepinephrine Projection, has neurons located where?

A
  • Locus ceruleus (rostral pons)
  • Lateral tegmental area (pons/medulla)
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24
Q

Where does the Norepinephrine Projection system projects to?

A
  • Thalamus (excitatory)
  • Cortex (inhibitory or excitatory)
  • Cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord
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25
Q

What is the function of the Norepinephrine Projection System?

A

Attention, sleep wake, mood, sympathetic (BP)

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26
Q

What is the clinical application of Norepinephrine Projection System?

A
  • Treatment of ADD & Narcolepsy
  • Central pain modulation
  • Mood disorders (depression, bipolar, anxiety, OCD)
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27
Q

Where are the neurons located of the Serotonin Projection system?

A
  • Rostral raphe nuclei (midbrain - pons)
  • Caudal raphe nuclei (pons-medulla)
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28
Q

Serotonin Projection System: Neurons located in the rostral raphe nuclei project to?

A

Cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia (inhibitory & excitatory)

29
Q

Serotonin Projection System: Neurons located in the rostral raphe play a role in what?

A

Psychiatric syndrome (depression, anxiety, OCD, aggressive behavior, some eating disorders)

30
Q

Serotonin Projection System: Neurons located in the caudal raphe nuclei project where?

A

Cerebellum, medulla, spinal cord

31
Q

Serotonin Projection System:
Neurons located in the caudal raphe nuclei play a role in what?

A

Pain modulation, breathing, temperature regulation & motor control

32
Q

What is the clinical application of the Serotonin Projection System?

A
  • Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
  • Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP)
33
Q

Where are the neurons located in the Histamine Projection System?

A

Posterior hypothalamus

34
Q

Where does the Histamine Projection System project to?

A
  • Thalamus (excitatory)
  • Cortex (inhibitory & excitatory)
35
Q

What is the function and clinical application of the Histamine Projection system?

A

-Function: Help maintain alert state
- Clinical: Antihistamine medications (allergies) cause drowsiness

36
Q

Where are the neurons of the Orexin Projection system located?

A

Posterior lateral hypothalamus

37
Q

Where does the Orexin Projection System project to?

A
  • Cortex
  • All brainstem arousal system
38
Q

What is the function and clinical application of the Orexin Projections system?

A
  • Function: Promote staying awake
  • Clinical Application: Narcolepsy
39
Q

Where are the neurons of the GABA Projection System located?

A
  • Basal forebrain
  • Thalamic reticular nucleus
  • Anterior hypothalamic ventrolateral pre optic area (VLPO)
40
Q

Where doe the GABA Projection System project to?

A
  • Cortex
  • Thalamus
  • Brainstem reticular formation
  • Hypothalamus
41
Q

What is the function of the GABA Projection System?

A

Alertness, regulation of sleep

42
Q

What are the different stages of sleep?

A
  • Non - REM
  • REM
43
Q

What happens during REM sleep?

A
  • Muscle tone lowest
  • Most dreaming occurs
  • EEG is similar to awake
44
Q

Describe the Non- Rem stage?

A
  • 3 stage
  • N1 –> N3 progressively deeper
  • EEG (N3) is similar to coma
45
Q

During sleep what is the neuronal activity of the neurotransmitter Acetylcholine during
- Wakefullness
- Non REM sleep
- REM sleep

A

Wakefullness: rapid firing rate
Non REM sleep: little or no firing
REM Sleep: rapid firing rate

46
Q

During sleep what is the neuronal activity of the neurotransmitter Monoamines during
- Wakefullness
- Non REM sleep
- REM sleep

A

Wakefullness: Rapid firing rate
Non-REM sleep: slower firing rate
REM sleep: Little or no firing

47
Q

During sleep what is the neuronal activity of the neurotransmitter Orexin during
- Wakefullness
- Non REM sleep
- REM sleep

A

Wakefullness: Rapid firing rate
Non-REM sleep: Little or no firing rate
REM Sleep: little or no firing

48
Q

During sleep what is the neuronal activity of the neurotransmitter VLPO (GABA) during
- Wakefullness
- Non REM sleep
- REM sleep

A

Wakefullness: little or no firing
Non-REM Sleep: rapid firing rate
REM sleep: rapid firing rate

49
Q

During Non-REM Sleep the VLPO releases (BLANK) to inhibit what?

A

Releases GABA to inhibit:
- Posterior hypothalamus
- Brainstem ascending activating system

50
Q

During Non-REM Sleep the VLPO releases GABA to inhibit posterior hypothalamus which does what?

A

Decreases orexin, histamine, glutamate

51
Q

During Non-REM Sleep the VLPO releases GABA to inhibit Brainstem ascending activating system which does what?

A

Decreases serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine & acetylcholine

52
Q

During REM Sleep, Norepinephrine & Serotonins levels further decrease which causes what?

A

Less inhibition of brainstem cholinergic neurons and increase acetylcholine input to different areas

53
Q

During REM sleep: Less inhibition of brainstem cholingeric neurons increase acetylcholine input to what areas?

A
  • Thalamus & Cortex
  • Ponto- geniculo- occipital (PGO) waves
  • REM on cell in pontine reticular formation
54
Q

What does Increase Acetylcholine input do in each area?
- Thalamus & Cortex
- Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves
- REM on cell in pontine reticular formation

A
  • Thalamus & Cortex (EEG shows increased arousal)
  • Ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves (Passing activation from pons to thalamus to cortex –> induces visual imagery of dreams and rapid eye movement)
  • REM on cell in pontine reticular formation (activates inhibition of LMN –> decrease muscle tone)
55
Q

What does a lesion to the anterior hypothalamus cause?

A

insomina

56
Q

What does a lesion to the posterior hypothalamus cause?

A

Hypersomnia

57
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

Abnormal tendency to easily enter REM sleep directly from waking state

58
Q

What are the 4 classic clinical findings of narcolepsy?

A
  1. Excessive daytime sleepiness
  2. Cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone from the awake state, often in response to an emotional stimulus)
  3. Dreamlike hallucinations while falling asleep or awaking
  4. Sleep paralysis - awaking but remaining unable to move for several minutes
59
Q

What is narcolepsy associated with?

A

Deficient orexin (hypocretin) in the posterior lateral hypothalamus

60
Q

What is REM sleep behavior disorder?

A

Complex motor activity during dreaming
- Dream enactment behaviors
- Ranges in severity from being hand gestures to violent thrashing, punching & kicking

61
Q

What is the physiological reason for REM sleep behavioral disorder?

A

Lack of descending inhibition to LMN

62
Q

What is REM sleep behavioral disorder a precursor to?

A

-Parkinsonism
- Lewy body dementia
- Multisystem atrophy

63
Q

What are some signs of a Coma?

A
  • Unarousable
  • No purposeful response by cortex
  • Brainstem reflexes may be present
  • Eyes closed
  • Minimum duration 1 hour
  • EEG abnormal activation patterns (variable)
  • Cerebral metabolism < 50%
64
Q

A coma is caused by dysfunction where?

A
  1. Bilateral widespread regions of the cerebral hemisphers
  2. Upper brainstem - diencephalic activating system
65
Q

What are some signs of a vegetative state?

A
  • No purposeful response by cortex
  • Can open eyes & arouse in response to stimulus
  • Sleep wake cycles
  • Primitive orienting responses mediated by brainstem & diencephalon
  • Cerebral metabolism < 50%
66
Q

What are some signs of minimally conscious state?

A
  • Some responsiveness (minimal/variable)
  • No reliable communication (verbal/non-verbal)
  • No functional use of objects
67
Q

What are some signs of brain death?

A
  • Extreme & irreversible form of coma
  • No evidence of forebrain or brainstem function
  • No brainstem reflexes
  • Spinal reflexes may be present
  • EEG = flat
  • Cerebral metabolism = 0%
68
Q

What is the caudal reticular formation involved in?

A
  • Control of respiration
  • Control of HR & BP
  • Abnormal posturing
  • CN reflexes
  • Behaviors
  • Sphincter control

Neurobiology II (14 decks)

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