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Neurology > Retinal Disorders > Flashcards

Retinal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Where are cones concentrated in the eye?

A

The fovea

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2
Q

Where are cones concentrated in the eye?

A

The periphery

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3
Q

Describe the principle of electrophysiology

A

A series of investigation recording electrical signals for the eye, optic nerve and brain in response to visual stimuli

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4
Q

What is an electroretinogram?

A

A test to measure retinal function. It records APS within the retina, measures a-waves and b-waves

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5
Q

Where do the a-waves detected in electroretinogram originate?

A

Photoreceptors

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6
Q

Where do the b-waves detected in electroretinograms originate

A

Muller’s cells

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7
Q

What is an electro-oculgram?

A

It measures the function of RPE and photoreceptors via the resting potential difference between the RPE and photoreceptors

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8
Q

What are visually evoked potentials?

A

A test to measure optic nerve function - it measures electrical activity int he visual cortex in response to either a flashing light or a checker board pattern

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9
Q

Can can a result of reduced amplitude in visually evoked potentials be indicative of?

A

Reduced cell number

Ischaemic/traumatic optic neuropathy

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10
Q

What can a result of reduced amplitude in visually evoked potentials be indicative of?

A

Reduced cell function

Optic neuritis demyelination

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11
Q

Give the common causes of central retinal vein occlusion

A

Hypertension
Glaucoma
Hyperviscosity
Inflammation

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12
Q

Give the common causes of central retinal artery occlusion

A

Emboli (carotids/heart)

Inflammation

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13
Q

What are the two types of ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A

Arteritic (AION)

Non-Arteritic (NAION)

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14
Q

What are the symptoms of Giant Cell Arteritis?

A 
Headache
Scalp tenderness
Jaw claudication
Neck pain
Nausea/anorexia
Loss of vision
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15
Q

Where are cones concentrated in the eye?

A

The periphery

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16
Q

Describe the principle of electrophysiology

A

A series of investigation recording electrical signals for the eye, optic nerve and brain in response to visual stimuli

17
Q

What is an electroretinogram?

A

A test to measure retinal function. It records APS within the retina, measures a-waves and b-waves

18
Q

Where do the a-waves detected in electroretinogram originate?

A

Photoreceptors

19
Q

Where do the b-waves detected in electroretinograms originate

A

Muller’s cells

20
Q

What is an electro-oculgram?

A

It measures the function of RPE and photoreceptors via the resting potential difference between the RPE and photoreceptors

21
Q

What are visually evoked potentials?

A

A test to measure optic nerve function - it measures electrical activity int he visual cortex in response to either a flashing light or a checker board pattern

22
Q

Can can a result of reduced amplitude in visually evoked potentials be indicative of?

A

Reduced cell number

Ischaemic/traumatic optic neuropathy

23
Q

What can a result of reduced amplitude in visually evoked potentials be indicative of?

A

Reduced cell function

Optic neuritis demyelination

24
Q

Give the common causes of central retinal vein occlusion

A

Hypertension
Glaucoma
Hyperviscosity
Inflammation

25
Q

Give the common causes of central retinal artery occlusion

A

Emboli (carotids/heart)

Inflammation

26
Q

What are the two types of ischaemic optic neuropathy?

A

Arteritic (AION)

Non-Arteritic (NAION)

27
Q

What are the symptoms of Giant Cell Arteritis?

A 
Headache
Scalp tenderness
Jaw claudication
Neck pain
Nausea/anorexia
Loss of vision
28
Q

Give some symptoms of optic neuritis?

A 
Pain on movement
Reduced vision
Red desaturation
Central scotoma
Relative afferent pupil defect
Swollen optic disk
29
Q

What is age-related macular degeneration?

A

The majority of people affected are over 60, is a progressive loss of central vision. Two types - dry and wet

30
Q

What are the risk factors for age-related macular degeneration?

A

Age
Smoking
Poor diet

31
Q

What is diabetic retinopathy?

A

Damage to the retina caused by diabetes, occurs in 80% of patients who have had diabetes for over 10 years, leads eventually to blindness

32
Q

What are the signs of diabetic retinopathy on visualisation?

A

Cotton wool spots
Visible exudates
Vascular anomalies - venous beading, ischaemia

33
Q

What are retinal dystrophies?

A

A series of inherited conditions affecting photoreceptor function leading to progressive loss of vision

34
Q

What are the two kinds of retinal dystrophies?

A

Photoreceptor dystrophies - ERG reduced

RPE-dystrophies - EOG reduced

Neurology (42 decks)

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