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Psychology-Social influence > Retrieval practice questions > Flashcards

Retrieval practice questions Flashcards

1
Q

What were the results of Asch’s original study?

A

75% of participants conformed at least once and there was an overall conformity rate of 37%.

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2
Q

Why was Asch’s sample criticised?

A

It was white, American, middle class men

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3
Q

What did the participants in Asch’s study think the aim of the experiment was?

A

To look at visual perception

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4
Q

How many participants were tested in Asch’s study at a time?

A

1

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5
Q

In Asch’s variations, did conformity increase or decrease with an ally?

A

Decrease

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6
Q

What social phenomena was Asch interested in?

A

Conformity

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7
Q

Which was the theory that Deutsch and Gerrard proposed to explain conformity?

A

Two process model with ISI and NSI

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8
Q

If a person is conforming because they think the others in the room are more intelligent than them, which explanation is it?

A

Informational Social Influence

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9
Q

Summarise Lucas et al’s study into explanations for conformity

A

They looked at task difficulty and found the harder the maths problem, the more participants conformed, showing ISI.

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10
Q

Asch’s private response variation supported which explanation of conformity?

A

NSI

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11
Q

Name the key term for a deep type of conformity where we take on the majority view because we accept it as correct

A

Internalisation

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12
Q

Which type of conformity is the most superficial?

A

Compliance

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13
Q

Were the results of Zimbardo’s prison experiment qualitative or quantitative?

A

Qualitative

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14
Q

How long should Zimbardo’s experiment have lasted and how long did it last?

A

2 weeks but it lasted 6 days

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15
Q

Name three (groups of people) who conformed to their social roles in Zimbardo’s experiment

A

Prisoners, prison guards, superintendent (Zimbardo)

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16
Q

How were the prisoners and guards divided in Zimbardo’s experiment?

A

They were randomly assigned roles

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17
Q

How were the prisoners dehumanised in the SPE?

A

Their belongings were taken away and they were referred to as numbers

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18
Q

What was the aim of Zimbardo’s prison experiment?

A

To look at how we conform to social roles and why there is police brutality in American prisons

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19
Q

What were the conclusions of Milgram’s shock experiment?

A

That we obey authority figures instructions

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20
Q

Give two ethical concerns of Milgram’s shock experiment

A

Participants were deceived as they believed they were giving real shocks and they may suffer psychological harm as they believed they were hurting someone.

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21
Q

What percentage of people went to 300V and 450V in Milgram’s study?

A

100% continued to 300v and 65% went to 450v.

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22
Q

What was the aim of Milgram’s experiment?

A

To look at obedience to authority figures and to find out why so many people obeyed Hitler’s orders during WW1.

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23
Q

What was the job of the ‘experimenter’ in Milgram’s shock experiment?

A

To say phrases encouraging the participant to continue administering shocks

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24
Q

What were participants asked to do in Milgram’s experiment?

A

They were asked to teach a ‘student’ words and when they couldn’t remember them, to give increasingly severe electric shocks.

25
Q

Identify three situational variables that may affect obedience

A

Location, proximity, uniform

26
Q

What is the possible ethical implication from Milgram’s study and variations?

A

It gives an alibi for war crimes as they can say they were acting under an authority figure.

27
Q

Which of Milgram’s studies gave the highest obedience rate?

A

His original study

28
Q

What type of experiment was Bickman’s experiment?

A

Field experiment

29
Q

What did Bickman’s experiment show?

A

The effects of uniform on obedience

30
Q

Define ‘demand characteristics’ with reference to Milgram’s study and variations

A

When participants guess the aim and so their behaviour reflects what they think the experimenter wants them to do. For example, giving the maximum shock voltage.

31
Q

Give an example in history that shows how social-psychological factors can lead to high levels of obedience

A

Hitler instructed Nazis to kill Jews and other ethnic minorities.

32
Q

Milgram argued that people could be in two states when it comes to personal responsibility. Name these two states

A

Autonomous and agentic state

33
Q

Give an example of a binding factor that might have been seen in Milgram’s experiment

A

Gradual commitment

34
Q

How does Blass and Schmitt’s study support psycho-social variables of obedience?

A

They showed Milgram’s experiment to students and they said the participants were not responsible for their actions but instead the experimenter was.

35
Q

Which explanation of obedience tells us why a student would obey the headmaster in the playground, but not obey a sixth former?

A

Legitimacy of authority

36
Q

How did Adorno suggest people develop an authoritarian personality?

A

From childhood and strict parenting

37
Q

What did Adorno find through his questionnaire?

A

People who scored highly on the f-scale were more obedient in Milgram’s experiment.

38
Q

How have people criticised the questions of the F-scale questionnaire?

A

There are methodological issues as the same box can be ticked and it is also politically biased.

39
Q

What was the aim of Adorno’s work?

A

To see why there was anti-semitism in the Holocaust and to look at personality vs obedience.

40
Q

Name three characteristics of the authoritarian personality

A

Respectful to authority, obedient, contempt for people of lower social status.

41
Q

What was the procedure of Adorno’s study?

A

They used the F-scale to measure the authoritarian personality.

42
Q

Define social support

A

When there is someone else who doesn’t conform, providing a model for participants.

43
Q

Give contradictory evidence for the link between LOC and resistance to obedience

A

Twenge et al found that in America, people have become more external and also less obedient.

44
Q

Define resistance to social influence

A

Not being influenced by others

45
Q

Give supporting evidence for the link between LOC and resistance to obedience

A

Holland repeated Milgram’s study and measured whether participants were internals or externals. He found 37% of internals didn’t continue to the highest shock whereas only 23% of externals didn’t.

46
Q

Give one example of research support for social support as an explanation for resistance to social influence

A

In Asch’s experiment, when there was a non-conforming dissenter, conformity dropped.

47
Q

Who is more likely to resist social influence - someone with an internal locus of control or someone with an external locus of control?

A

Externals

48
Q

How did Moscovici investigate minority influence?

A

He showed participants blue slides and there were confederates saying they were green. With the consistent minority, 8.2% copied the minority whereas in the inconsistent minority only 1.25% conformed.

49
Q

What is the difference between minority influence and conformity?

A

Conformity is complying to what other people are doing whereas minority influence is when a small number of people change the views of a majority.

50
Q

Give an example of real-life minority influence in history

A

Views changing on gay relationships

51
Q

Define the snowball effect

A

When a minority view becomes the majority and more and more people change their opinions.

52
Q

What did Moscovici’s study show?

A

That a consistent minority is more effective than an inconsistent minority.

53
Q

Name three key factors of minority influence

A

Consistency, commitment, flexibility

54
Q

Explain one barrier to social change

A

Bashir found people were likely to resist social change as they didn’t want to be seen as stereotypes.

55
Q

Give research that supports the role of NSI in social change

A

Nolan hung messages saying residents were reducing their energy usage and found significant reductions due to NSI.

56
Q

Define social cryptoamnesia

A

When views change and we forget how change occured.

57
Q

Define social change

A

When societies beliefs change

58
Q

What can campaigners learn from the augmentation principle?

A

Showing extreme commitment is more effective in causing social change.

Psychology-Social influence (17 decks)

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